Table 1.

Standardized selection gradients acting on gall midges in the original food web and with the removal of larval parasitoids

Selection gradient	Original	Removal	Contrast (Original–Removal)
${\beta }_{\text{Diam}}$	0.34 [ 0.22, 0.48]	0.21 [ 0.12, 0.31]	0.14 [ 0, 0.27]
${\beta }_{\text{Clutch}}$	0.06 [ −0.05, 0.17]	−0.09 [ −0.17, −0.01]	0.15 [ 0.03, 0.29]
${\beta }_{\text{Pref}}$	−0.13 [ −0.29, 0.05]	−0.16 [ −0.26, −0.06]	0.03 [ −0.15, 0.21]
${\gamma }_{\text{Diam:Diam}}$	0.13 [ −0.06, 0.33]	0.1 [ −0.02, 0.23]	0.03 [ −0.2, 0.27]
${\gamma }_{\text{Clutch:Clutch}}$	−0.05 [ −0.27, 0.18]	−0.11 [ −0.28, 0.03]	0.06 [ −0.2, 0.32]
${\gamma }_{\text{Pref:Pref}}$	0.34 [ 0.07, 0.63]	0.02 [ −0.15, 0.18]	0.32 [ 0.01, 0.64]
${\gamma }_{\text{Diam:Clutch}}$	−0.04 [ −0.16, 0.08]	−0.07 [ −0.15, 0.02]	0.02 [ −0.12, 0.17]
${\gamma }_{\text{Diam:Pref}}$	−0.13 [ −0.29, 0.02]	−0.02 [ −0.1, 0.07]	−0.12 [ −0.3, 0.05]
${\gamma }_{\text{Clutch:Pref}}$	0.03 [ −0.1, 0.18]	0 [ −0.07, 0.07]	0.03 [ −0.12, 0.18]

Note: Values in brackets represent 95% confidence intervals. Bold values indicate that the 95% CI does not overlap zero. ${\beta }_{\text{Diam}}$ has been adjusted for bias.