Table II.

Relationship between 10% increase in 1-year lagged, 3-year moving average state-level union density and state-level mortality rates from 1986 to 2016 overall and by gender.^a

	Unweighted				Weightedb
	RR	95% CI	RD	95% CI	RR	95% CI	RD	95 % CI
Overall
All-cause mortality	0.92	0.84, 1.01	−30.7	−65.9, 4.5	0.99	0.91, 1.08	−3.2	−36.3, 29.8
Despair mortality	0.69	0.56, 0.85	−10.8	−17.1, −4.6	0.83	0.70, 0.98	−5.7	−10.7, −0.7
Gender
All-cause mortality
Women	0.89	0.79, 1.01	−32.1	−66.2, 1.9	0.96	0.81, 1.12	−13.2	−60.2, 33.8
Men	0.95	0.89, 1.03	−23.6	−60.2, 13.1	1.00	0.92, 1.08	−0.1	−41.8, 41.6
Interaction	0.93	0.83, 1.06	−8.6	−49.7, 32.6	0.96	0.78, 1.17	−13.1	−84.0, 57.9
Despair mortality
Women	0.65	0.48, 0.89	−6.4	−10.7, −2.0	0.86	0.68, 1.09	−2.3	−6.0, 1.3
Men	0.78	0.68, 0.89	−11.5	−18.1, −4.9	0.79	0.70, 0.89	−11.0	−16.8, −5.1
Interaction	0.84	0.66, 1.07	5.2	0.4, 10.0	1.10	0.89, 1.34	8.6	3.5, 13.8

Notes:

^aRisk ratio (RR) and risk difference (RD, per 100,000 person-years) estimates calculated using log-linear Poisson models with state-level cluster-robust standard errors, state and year fixed effects, and where appropriate, union density*gender interaction terms. RD is average marginal effect of union density on mortality.

^bModels weighted by gamma inverse probability of treatment weights.