Table 1.

Core dimensions affected by the pandemic and measures to address them, distinguished between core and consider variables.

Dimension	Related concepts	Research design measures	Core or Consider (and possible field(s) of application)
Contextual: Response measures and impacts	-Details of of national and local pandemic-related policies (e.g. measures of lockdown at the time of data collection) -Changes in national and local context (e.g. economic, social, health)	-Add objective data from media, governmental sources, databases	Core for all research.
Demographic	-Level of restrictions applying to individual participant (eg. categories such as key worker) -Changes in household situation (e.g., income, employment, household size) -Differentiated effects (e.g. gender, ethnicity)	-Collect and report additional demographic variables if needed -Add subjective measure of level of restrictions applying to individual -Adapt or add in questions to capture self-reported changes in household situation -Add control variables to capture differentiated effects	-Some likely core for all research.
Behavioral	-Changes in (energy-relevant) behaviours and daily routines as a result of COVID-19 restrictions. -Changes in appliance use, travel behaviours, energy related purchase behaviours, etc. -Changes in other activities such as caring, volunteering, etc.	-Add standardized control questions to assess self-reported changes in behaviour on the individual level -Add objective measures such as energy consumption and mobility -Add qualitative measures to assess changes in daily routines on the individual level -Compare, if possible, data with pre-pandemic data	Consider, especially for: -Research on household, work and mobility energy consumption -Research on energy investment decisions
Cognitive and Affective	-Perceived personal impact of pandemic and measures -Perceived personal constraints vs. benefits due to the pandemic and measures -Perceived uncertainty -Changes in goal and priorities -Positive vs. negative affect towards personal and societal impacts of the pandemic/measures -Distinct emotions toward personal and societal impacts (e.g. worried, hopeful, sad, scared, guilty, stressed, relaxed)	-Add standardized control questions to assess subjective cognitive and affective experiences of the crisis on the individual level -Compare, if possible, data with pre-pandemic data	Consider, especially for: -Research on energy-related judgements and decisions
Social	-Changes in social connection/identity/norms -Perceived need for social proximity -Changes in energy burden, energy technology accessibility for underserved community -Changes in community environmental impact or climate change concerns -Perceived fairness of social distancing policy -Changes in clean energy industry & market	-Add standardised control questions to assess subjective changes in social relationships of the crisis on the individual and group level -Add qualitative measures to assess changes in social relationships on the group level -Compare, if possible, data with pre-pandemic data	Consider, especially for: -Research on social networks and community schemes and energy behavior -Research on energy burden, technology accessibility, and affordability. -Research on impacts on under-served communities (e.g., seniors, low-income, minority, differently-abled people)
Material/ technical	-Material changes in homes, workplaces connected with the pandemic (e.g. IT equipment for home working, clothing) -Digital changes such as service subscriptions (e.g. for video conferencing), cyber security issues	-Add standardised questions	Consider, especially for: -Research on household, work and mobility energy consumption -Research on energy investment decisions