Table 2.
Cox Proportional Hazards Analysis for Cardiovascular Events according to Peripheral Endothelial Dysfunction (PED)
| Events, n (%) | Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No PED (n = 44) | PED (n = 105) | P* | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Primary outcome | 1 (2.3) | 11 (10.5) | 0.093 | 4.62 (0.60, 35.79) | 0.143 | 11.49 (1.16, 114.24) | 0.037 | 10.95 (1.00, 119.91) | 0.050 |
| Secondary outcome | 4 (9.1) | 33 (31.4) | 0.004 | 3.45 (1.22, 9.75) | 0.019 | 3.85 (1.31, 11.29) | 0.014 | 4.12 (1.37, 12.41) | 0.012 |
| Acute coronary event | 1 (2.3) | 9 (8.6) | 0.161 | 3.79 (0.48, 29.88) | 0.207 | 9.24 (0.90, 95.36) | 0.062 | 8.05 (0.64, 101.10) | 0.106 |
| Stroke | 0 | 2 (1.9) | 0.357 | – | 0.594 | – | 0.983 | – | 0.965 |
| Heart failure | 0 | 3 (2.9) | 0.257 | – | 0.498 | – | 0.953 | – | 0.858 |
| CKD1 | 4 (9.1) | 23 (21.9) | 0.064 | 2.16 (0.74, 6.26) | 0.157 | 2.17 (0.72, 6.61) | 0.171 | 3.26 (1.01, 10.50) | 0.048 |
PED was defined as RHI < 1.67. Primary outcome was composed of 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE); secondary outcome was a composite of 3-point MACE, hospitalization for heart failure, or chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, HbA1c, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, proteinuria, duration of diabetes, and premedical history of ischemic events
Model 2: adjusted for systolic blood pressure, baseline e-GFR, anti-platelet agents, and smoking history in addition to Model 1
1CKD progression defined as decrease from baseline in eGFR by 30% or more to an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, or an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 during the follow-up period
*Comparison the number of events between those with and without PED