Table 3.
Baseline clinical characteristics according to CKD progression during the follow-up period
| Without any events | With any events | P1 | P2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entire | No CKD progression | CKD progression | ||||
| n = 112 | n = 37 | n = 10 | n = 27 | |||
| Age, year | 61.0 ± 9.3 | 64.1 ± 8.5 | 66.7 ± 8.5 | 63.6 ± 8.5 | 0.044 | 0.323 |
| Men, n (%) | 58 (51.8) | 21 (56.8) | 7 (70.0) | 14 (51.9) | 0.599 | 0.322 |
| Duration of DM, years | 11.0 (7.0–16.8) | 14.0 (8.0–17.0) | 10.0 (6.0–17.5) | 15.0 (11.0–19.0) | 0.242 | 0.319 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.4 (24.1–28.0) | 25.8 (24.2–27.7) | 25.2 (23.9–27.6) | 25.8 (24.6–28.7) | 0.654 | 0.468 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130.3 ± 15.0 | 130.8 ± 16.6 | 118.9 ± 12.6 | 134.9 ± 15.6 | 0.863 | 0.006 |
| DBP, mmHg | 78.2 ± 10.8 | 73.8 ± 9.2 | 72.6 ± 10.7 | 73.8 ± 8.6 | 0.017 | 0.722 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 100 (89.3) | 34 (91.9) | 8 (80.0) | 26 (96.3) | 0.648 | 0.107 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.2 (6.8–7.8) | 7.3 (6.7–8.0) | 7.0 (6.6–8.0) | 7.3 (6.6–8.0) | 0.584 | 0.625 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 81.0 (69.3–94.8) | 77.0 (66.0–97.0) | 70.5 (64.0–99.3) | 78.0 (67.0–99.0) | 0.597 | 0.408 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 44.0 (37.0–51.8) | 43.0 (38.0–53.0) | 49.5 (39.5–55.0) | 41.0 (33.0–53.0) | 0.661 | 0.257 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 123.5 (88.0–171.0) | 127.0 (91.0–188.0) | 111.0 (74.8–180.0) | 127.0 (103.0–216.0) | 0.333 | 0.271 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 0.5 (0.3–1.3) | 0.9 (0.4–2.4) | 1.9 (0.6–3.3) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 0.113 | 0.122 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 84.7 (70.8–94.3) | 61.5 (51.9–72.9) | 82.1 (51.0–98.8) | 61.0 (49.8–67.0) | < 0.001 | 0.023 |
| ACR, mg/g | 77.5 (44.9–146.4) | 265.7 (79.1–636.6) | 234.6 (52.7–778.6) | 285.0 (174.7–835.4) | < 0.001 | 0.353 |
| Overt proteinuria, n (%) | 13 (11.6) | 19 (51.4) | 4 (40.0) | 15 (55.6) | < 0.001 | 0.401 |
| RHI | 1.50 (1.31–1.85) | 1.39 (1.26–1.57) | 1.43 (1.23–1.48) | 1.37 (1.26–1.59) | 0.050 | 0.625 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | ||||||
| No | 55 (53.4) | 10 (29.4) | 2 (22.0) | 8 (32.0) | 0.038 | 0.706 |
| NDPR | 29 (28.2) | 15 (44.1) | 6 (66.7) | 9 (36.0) | ||
| PDR | 19 (18.4) | 9 (26.5) | 1 (11.1) | 8 (32.0) | ||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 36 (32.1) | 11 (29.7) | 4 (40.0) | 7 (25.9) | 0.784 | 0.406 |
| ARB, n (%) | 86 (81.1) | 28 (77.8) | 6 (66.7) | 22 (81.5) | 0.662 | 0.355 |
| CCB, n (%) | 46 (43.4) | 19 (52.8) | 4 (44.4) | 15 (55.6) | 0.329 | 0.563 |
| BB, n (%) | 9 (8.5) | 6 (16.7) | 0 | 6 (22.2) | 0.168 | 0.121 |
| Statin, n (%) | 98 (87.5) | 30 (81.1) | 8 (80.0) | 22 (81.5) | 0.331 | 0.919 |
| Anti-platelet, n (%) | 49 (43.8) | 20 (54.1) | 6 (60.0) | 14 (51.9) | 0.276 | 0.659 |
| Previous IHD, n (%) | 0 | 4 (10.8) | 1 (10.0) | 3 (11.1) | < 0.001 | 0.923 |
| Previous stoke, n (%) | 3 (2.7) | 1 (2.8) | 0 | 1 (3.7) | 0.975 | 0.558 |
All values are expressed in mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and proportions (%) for categorical variables
CKD progression defined as decrease from baseline in eGFR by 30% or more to an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, or an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 during the follow-up period
CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CRP, c-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated Glomerular filtration rate; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium chanel blocker; BB, beta-blocker; IHD, ischemic heart disease
1Compared between those without and without any events using Mann-Whitney test, independent t test and chi-square test
2Compared between those with and without CKD progression among subjects with any events using Mann-Whitney test, independent t test and chi-square test