Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of DCM patients
| Overall DCM patients (n = 206) | DCM patients with T2DM (n = 55) | DCM patients without T2DM (n = 151) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | ||||
| Age (years) | 59 ± 17 | 62 ± 16 | 58 ± 18 | 0.10 |
| Female, n (%) | 64 (31) | 15 (28) | 49 (33) | 0.50 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 0.82 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 109 ± 20 | 107 ± 18 | 110 ± 21 | 0.36 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 68 ± 16 | 69 ± 16 | 69 ± 17 | 0.21 |
| NYHA functional class ≥ III, n (%) | 42 (20) | 14 (26) | 28 (19) | 0.33 |
| T2DM, n (%) | 55 (27) | 55 (100) | 0 (0) | – |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 40 (19) | 10 (18) | 30 (20) | 0.84 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 58 (28) | 21 (38) | 37 (25) | 0.06 |
| Electrocardiogram | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 28 (14) | 8 (15) | 20 (13) | 1.0 |
| QRS duration (msec) | 113 ± 23 | 116 ± 22 | 112 ± 23 | 0.24 |
| Blood examination | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 6.9 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| BNP (pg/dL) | 121 (112–555) | 98 (54–212) | 127 (54–240) | 0.28 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 62 ± 19 | 58 ± 17 | 63 ± 19 | 0.08 |
| Medical treatment (for DCM), n (%) | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 200 (97) | 53 (96) | 147 (97) | 1.0 |
| β-blocker | 202 (98) | 54 (98) | 148 (98) | 1.0 |
| MRA | 99 (48) | 29 (53) | 70 (46) | 0.43 |
| Loop diuretics | 109 (53) | 35 (64) | 74 (49) | 0.08 |
| Medical treatment (for T2DM), n (%) | ||||
| Insulin | 5 (2) | 5 (9) | – | – |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 33 (16) | 33 (60) | – | – |
| GLP-1RA | 3 (1) | 3 (6) | – | – |
| Sulfonylurea | 8 (4) | 8 (15) | – | – |
| α-GI | 6 (3) | 6 (11) | – | – |
| Thiazolidine | 2 (1) | 2 (4) | – | – |
| Metformin | 33 (16) | 33 (60) | – | – |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 8 (4) | 8 (15) | – | – |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LV end-diastolic volume (mL) | 171 ± 56 | 173 ± 56 | 170 ± 56 | 0.79 |
| LV end-systolic volume (mL) | 120 ± 48 | 123 ± 47 | 119 ± 49 | 0.56 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 31 ± 8 | 30 ± 8 | 31 ± 8 | 0.19 |
| Left atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 51 ± 20 | 51 ± 25 | 51 ± 18 | 0.89 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 128 ± 37 | 122 ± 32 | 131 ± 38 | 0.15 |
| E/e’ | 14.3 ± 7.9 | 14.7 ± 7.5 | 14.1 ± 8.0 | 0.62 |
| MR ≥ moderate, n (%) | 66 (32) | 22 (40) | 44 (29) | 0.13 |
| GLS (%) | 7.6 ± 2.0 | 7.0 ± 2.0 | 7.8 ± 2.2 | 0.03 |
Values are mean ± SD for normally distributed data and median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed data, or n (%)
DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NYHA, New York Heart Association; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1RA, glucagon like peptide-1receptor agonist; α-GI, α-glucosidase inhibitor; SGLT, sodium glucose cotransporter; LV, left ventricular; E, peak early diastolic mitral flow velocity; e’, spectral pulsed-wave Doppler–derived early diastolic velocity from the septal mitral annulus; MR, mitral regurgitation; GLS, global longitudinal strain