Table 1.

Recommendations on individual diet and lifestyle factors for patients with localized and advanced prostate cancer.^‡

	Localized prostate cancer	Advanced prostate cancer
Dietary factors
Lycopene/tomato products***	[17–19]	[20]
Green tea**	[9, 10]
Avoidance of non-prescribed vitamin and mineral supplements (e.g., selenium)**	[51,52]
Coffee*
Cruciferous vegetables*
Fish*
Larrea tridentata*
Mushrooms*
Vegetable-derived fats*
Avoidance of dairy*
Avoidance of eggs*
Avoidance of poultry with skin*
Avoidance of processed red meat*
Avoidance of saturated fat*
Milk thistle	[55]
Pomegranate	[32]	[33, 34]
Soy	[19, 37–41]	[42–44]
Omega-3 fatty acids	[17, 28–30]
Lifestyle factors
Pelvic floor muscle training****	[64–68, 71]
Pilates***	[71]
Exercise****	[76–78, 85, 86, 88]	[76, 78, 79, 81–89]
Healthy body mass index†
Smoking cessation†
Guided imagery/progressive muscle relaxation***		[97]
Qigong**		[99]
Massage**		[98]
Acupuncture*
Hypnosis	[94]

^‡= Citations are provided for factors with RCTs with a placebo/usual care control group in patients with localized (including post-radical prostatectomy/radiation therapy) and advanced prostate cancer (including patients on androgen deprivation therapy).

Absence of * = Equivocal benefit based on available evidence

^*= Evidence leans toward potential benefit based on at least one observational study or RCT without a placebo control arm

^**= Evidence leans toward potential benefit based on at least one placebo-controlled RCT, but clinical significance is modest

^***= Evidence leans toward potential benefit based on at least one placebo-controlled RCT with clinically significant effect

^****= Well-established benefit based on two or more placebo-controlled RCTs with clinically significant effect

^†= Overwhelming observational evidence suggests benefit despite lack of RCTs focused on this factor alone.