Table 2.
Associations Between Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Diseases, Lifestyle Characteristics, BMI, WC and Frailty (N=990)
| Variable | Multidimensional Frailty | p | Physical Frailty | p | Psychological Frailty | p | Social Frailty | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (m, SD) | (m, SD) | (m, SD) | (m, SD) | |||||
| Socio-Demographic Characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 65~74 | 3.73±3.05 | 1.74±1.82 | 1.07±1.18 | 0.93±0.86 | ||||
| 75~84 | 5.14±3.26 | 2.63±2.07 | 1.54±1.24 | 0.97±0.80 | ||||
| ≥85 | 7.37±2.91 | 3.81±1.88 | 2.06±1.10 | 1.50±0.90 | ||||
| Gender | <0.001 | 0.025 | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||||
| Men | 4.14±3.22 | 2.12±2.02 | 1.19±1.18 | 0.84±0.81 | ||||
| Women | 5.20±3.36 | 2.50±2.05 | 1.52±1.28 | 1.18±0.88 | ||||
| Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Married/With partner | 4.11±3.08 | 2.11±1.97 | 1.21±1.22 | 0.79±0.68 | ||||
| Others | 7.38±3.12 | 3.28±2.10 | 2.04±1.12 | 2.06±0.84 | ||||
| Monthly income in yuan (dollar) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <1000 (<$143) | 5.90±3.33 | 2.92±2.12 | 1.59±1.28 | 1.40±0.88 | ||||
| 1000~1999 ($143- $286) | 5.26±3.42 | 2.65±2.12 | 1.49±1.29 | 1.11±0.90 | ||||
| 2000~2999 ($286- $429) | 4.03±2.98 | 1.90±1.84 | 1.24±1.19 | 0.88±0.73 | ||||
| ≥3000 (>$429) | 3.78±3.22 | 1.89±1.91 | 1.14±1.16 | 0.75±0.86 | ||||
| Educational level | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No schooling | 6.99±3.34 | 3.40±2.06 | 2.09±1.20 | 1.69±1.01 | ||||
| Primary school | 5.06±3.13 | 2.64±2.02 | 1.39±1.20 | 1.02±0.87 | ||||
| Middle school | 4.30±3.11 | 2.06±1.96 | 1.26±1.21 | 0.98±0.79 | ||||
| High school | 4.20±3.54 | 2.06±2.09 | 1.27±1.27 | 0.88±0.84 | ||||
| University | 3.84±3.12 | 1.90±1.84 | 1.04±1.18 | 0.90±0.84 | ||||
| Comorbid diseases | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 3.53±2.82 | 1.71±1.81 | 1.02±1.11 | 0.80±0.75 | ||||
| 1 | 5.07±3.32 | 2.43±2.01 | 1.56±1.31 | 1.08±0.89 | ||||
| ≥2 | 6.86±3.24 | 3.54±2.02 | 1.89±1.22 | 1.43±0.90 | ||||
| Lifestyle Characteristics | ||||||||
| Smoking | 0.147 | 0.538 | 0.013 | 0.376 | ||||
| Yes | 4.81±3.35 | 2.32±2.03 | 1.43±1.28 | 1.05±0.88 | ||||
| No | 4.48±3.30 | 2.30±2.09 | 1.22±1.16 | 0.95±0.83 | ||||
| Drinking alcohol | 0.008 | 0.414 | 0.678 | 0.086 | ||||
| Yes | 4.53±3.26 | 2.21±2.02 | 1.34±1.25 | 0.98±0.84 | ||||
| No | 5.05±3.46 | 2.55±2.08 | 1.41±1.23 | 1.09±0.91 | ||||
| Physical activity | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Always | 4.32±3.00 | 2.13±1.92 | 1.24±1.21 | 0.96±0.83 | ||||
| Sometimes | 5.74±3.59 | 2.81±2.20 | 1.73±1.24 | 1.21±0.90 | ||||
| Hardly ever | 4.11±3.36 | 2.08±1.99 | 1.14±1.22 | 0.89±0.85 | ||||
| Breakfast | 0.011 | 0.002 | 0.151 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 4.63±3.30 | 2.29±2.02 | 1.34±1.24 | 1.00±0.86 | ||||
| No | 6.96±4.02 | 3.30±2.61 | 1.96±1.34 | 1.70±0.91 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||||
| Normal | 4.01±3.15 | 1.93±1.90 | 1.23±1.20 | 0.85±0.80 | ||||
| Overweight | 5.38±3.31 | 2.70±2.08 | 1.51±1.25 | 1.18±0.89 | ||||
| Obese | 5.82±3.56 | 2.97±2.24 | 1.53±1.37 | 1.32±0.92 | ||||
| WC (cm) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| >90 men >80 women | 5.65±3.49 | 2.75±2.11 | 1.64±1.29 | 1.25±0.92 | ||||
| ≤90 men ≤80 women | 3.73±2.86 | 1.87±1.88 | 1.07±1.12 | 0.78±0.73 | ||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference.