Table 1.
Country-specific data on the introduction of Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine in JEV endemic countries. Data adapted from the CDC report by Heffelfinger et al. 2017 and updated with WHO surveillance data (Heffelfinger et al., 2017, World Health Organization, 2017a, World Health Organization, 2019a).
| Country | WHO region | Vaccine in schedule (2019) | JE immunization program | Year introduced subnationally | Year introduced nationally | Scheduled age (months) for vaccine | Vaccine used in immunisation program |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | WPRO | Yes | Risk areas: outer islands of Torres Straits | n/a | n/a | 12 | Live-recombinant |
| Bangladesh | SEARO | No | None | n/a | n/a | – | – |
| Bhutan | SEARO | No | None | n/a | n/a | – | – |
| Brunei Darussalam | WPRO | No | None | n/a | n/a | – | – |
| Cambodia | WPRO | Yes | National | 2009 | 2015 | 9 | Live-attenuated |
| People’s Republic of China | WPRO | Yes | National; excluding Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Hong Kong which do not have endemic transmission | 2003* | 2008 | 8 | Live-attenuated |
| DPR of Korea | SEARO | No | None; JEV vaccination campaign in 2016 | n/a | n/a | – | – |
| India | SEARO | Yes | Subnational | 2007 | n/a | 9–11 | Live-attenuated |
| Indonesia | SEARO | Yes | Subnational: Bali | 2018 | n/a | – | – |
| Japan | WPRO | Yes | National | <2002 | <2007 | 6 | Inactivated vero cell derived |
| Lao PDR | WPRO | Yes | National | 2013 | 2015 | 9–11 | Live-attenuated |
| Malaysia | WPRO | Yes | Subnational: Sarawak and Sabah | 2002 | n/a | 9 | Live-recombinant |
| Myanmar | SEARO | Yes | National | n/a | 2018 | – | – |
| Nepal | SEARO | Yes | National | 2007 | 2017 | 12 | Live-attenuated |
| Pakistan | EMRO | No | None | n/a | n/a | – | – |
| Papua New Guinea | WPRO | No | None | n/a | n/a | – | – |
| Philippines | WPRO | Yes | Subnational: Regions I-III, and the Cordillera Administrative Region | 2018 | n/a | – | – |
| Republic of Korea | WPRO | Yes | National | n/a | <2002 | 12 | Live-attenuated, Live-recombinant, Inactivated vero cell and mouse brain derived |
| Russian Federation | EURO | No | None | n/a | n/a | – | – |
| Singapore | WPRO | No | None | n/a | n/a | – | – |
| Sri Lanka | SEARO | Yes | National | 2001 | 2011 | 12 | Live-attenuated |
| Republic of China | WPRO | Yes | National | 1963 | 1968 | 15 | Inactivated mouse brain derived |
| Thailand | SEARO | Yes | National | n/a | <2002 | 12 | Live-attenuated and Live-recombinant |
| Timor-Leste | SEARO | No | None | n/a | n/a | – | – |
| Vietnam | WPRO | Yes | National | <2002 | 2015 | 12 | Inactivated mouse brain derived |
*
According to official WHO data, although it is acknowledged that the People’s Republic of China has performed widespread vaccination since 1971 (Gao et al., 2014). WPRO = Western Pacific Regional Office; SEARO = South-East Asia Regional Office.