Table 5.
Details of seroneutralization testing.
| Reference | Country sampling | Country testing | Technique | JEV Strain | Other viruses tested | Cells | Virus Dose | End-point | Samples tested | Algorithm for seroneutralisation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sabin et al. (1947a) | Republic of Korea | Japan | Mice inoculation | G3 (Nakayama), human brain, Tokyo, Japan, 1935 (EF571853) | NR | Intracerebral and intraperitoneal inoculation in mice | NR | NR | Acute and f/up serum, and CSF | All samples |
| Sabin et al. (1947b) | China | Japan | Mice inoculation | G3 (Nakayama), human brain, Tokyo, Japan, 1935 (EF571853) | NR | Intracerebral and intraperitoneal | NR | NR | Acute and f/up serum, and CSF | All samples |
| Sabin (1947) | Japan | Japan | Mice inoculation | G3 (Nakayama), human brain, Tokyo, Japan, 1935 (EF571853) | NR | Intracerebral and intraperitoneal | NR | NR | Acute and f/up serum, and CSF | All samples |
| Edelman and Pariyanonda (1973) | Vietnam | Vietnam | PRNT | NR | DENV | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Benenson et al. (1975b) | Thailand | Thailand | PRNT | G3 strain (Nakayama), human brain, Tokyo, Japan, 1935 (EF571853) | DENV 4 | LLC-MK2 cells | 50-100 PFU | NR | Acute and f/up serum | NR |
| Hoke et al. (1988) | Thailand | Thailand | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Cardosa et al. (1991) | Malaysia | Malaysia | PRNT | G3 strain (Nakayama), human brain, Tokyo, Japan, 1935 (EF571853) | DENV 2 (16681 strain) | Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells | NR | 50%* | Acute and f/up serum | Confirmatory testing after positive MAC-ELISA |
| Peiris et al. (1992) | Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka | Microtitre VNT | NR | NR | Porcine stable (PS) kidney cells | NR | 80%* | Serum (NR if acute and/or f/up) | NR |
| Wittesjo et al. (1995) | Indonesia | Sweden | PRNT | NR | NR | NR | NR | 80%* | Acute and f/up serum | NR |
| Hennessy et al. (1996) | China | U.S.A. | PRNT | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | CSF, Acute and f/up serum | All samples |
| Desai et al. (1997b) | India | India | Microtitre VNT | G3 (P20778/P20), human brain, Vellore, India, 1958 (AF080251) | NR | Porcine stable (PS) kidney cells | 100 TCID 50 | 100%* | CSF | All samples |
| Saito et al. (1999c) | Japan | Japan | FRNT | NR | YFV | BHK-21 cells | NR | 50%* | CSF, Acute and f/up serum | All samples |
| Tiroumourougane et al. (2003) | India | India | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Cutfield et al. (2005) | China | New Zealand | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Acute and f/up serum | NR |
| CDC (2005) | Thailand | U.S.A. | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Acute and f/up serum | NR |
| Ompusunggu et al. (2008) | Indonesia | Indonesia | PRNT | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Serum (NR if acute and/or convalescent) | NR |
| Lehtinen et al. (2008) | Thailand | Finland | PRNT | NR | DENV 2 | NR | NR | NR | Acute and f/up serum | NR |
| Ravi et al. (2009) | India | India | PRNT | ChimeriVax™-JEV | ChimeriVax™-DENV 2 | Vero cells | NR | NR | CSF | Confirmatory testing after positive or equivocal MAC-ELISA |
| Touch et al. (2009b) | Cambodia | Cambodia | PRNT | NR | NR | Vero cells | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Anga et al. (2010) | Papua New Guinea | Australia | PRNT | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Hossain et al. (2010) | Bangladesh | U.S.A. | PRNT | NR | NR | NR | NR | 90%* | NR | NR |
| CDC (2011) | U.S.A. (Travellers from the Philippines and Thailand) | U.S.A. | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | CSF | NR |
| Borah et al. (2011b) | India | India | Microtitre VNT | G3 strain (P20778/P20), human brain, Vellore, India, 1958 (AF080251) | NR | BHK-21 cells | 100 TCID50 in 50 μL | 50%* | Acute and f/up serum | Patients with paired serum available after MAC-ELISA tested |
| Lee et al. (2012) | Republic of Korea | Republic of Korea | NR | Not reported | NR | NR | NR | NR | Acute and convalescent serum | Confirmatory testing after positive MAC-ELISA/HI/IIF. |
| Langevin et al. (2012b) | Canada (Traveller from Thailand) | Canada | NR | NR | WNV and DENV | NR | NR | NR | CSF, Acute and convalescent serum | All samples |
| Hills et al. (2014) | China, Taiwan, Republic of Korea | U.S.A. | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Acute and f/up serum | NR |
| Anukumar et al. (2014b) | India | India | Microtitre VNT | G3 (P3), human brain, Bankura, India, 1973 (AB379813/Z34095) | WNV | Porcine stable (PS) kidney cells | 100 TCID50 | 50%* | Acute serum | All acute serum |
| Rayamajhi et al. (2015) | Nepal | U.S. | PRNT | NR | DENV, WNV, and Powassan viruses. | NR | NR | NR | NR | Confirmatory testing after positive or equivocal MAC-ELISA |
| Saito et al. (2015) | Laos | Japan | FRNT | Nakayama (a pathogenic and vaccine strain, Tokyo, Japan, human brain, 1935, G3), Beijing-1 (a pathogenic and vaccine strain, Beijing, China, human brain, 1949, G3), P19-Br (an isolate, Chiang Mai, Thailand, human brain, 1982, G1), LaVS56 (an isolate, Vientiane, Lao PDR, swine sera, 1993, G1), and LaVS145 (an isolate, Vientiane, Lao PDR, swine sera, 1993, G1) | DENV 1 (Hawaiian), 2 (New Guinea B), 3 (H-87), and 4 (H-241) and WNV | BHK-21 cells | NR | 50%* | Acute and f/up serum | All samples |
| Li et al. (2016) | China | China | PRNT | G3 strain (733913), human brain, Beijing, China, 1949 (AY243805/AY243844) | NR | BHK-21 cells | 100 PFUs | 90%* | Acute and f/up serum | All serum |
| Sunwoo et al. (2016) | Republic of Korea | Republic of Korea | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Kyaw et al. (2019) | Myanmar | Myanmar | FRNT and PRNT | G3 strain (JaOrS982), mosquitos, Japan, 1982 (NC_001437) | DENV 1-4 | NR | NR | NR | CSF | NR |
G1 and 3 = genotype 1 and 3; NR = not reported; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; PRNT = plaque reduction neutralization test; DENV = Dengue virus; VNT = viral neutralization test; FRNT = focus reduction neutralization test; TCID = median tissue culture infectious dose.
*
titer required to reduce dengue viral plaques/focus/CPE by 50%, 80%, or 90%. MAC-ELISA = IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HI = haemagglutination assay, IIF = Indirect immunofluorescence assay.