Table 2.

Dolowitz and Marsh policy transfer framework (Dolowitz and Marsh, 2000)

Why transfer? Want to.....................Have to			Who is involved in the transfer?	What is transferred?	From where?			Degree of transfer	Constraints on transfer	How to demonstrate policy transfer?	How transfer leads to policy failure?
Voluntary	Mixtures	Coercive			Past	Within a nation	Cross-national
Lesson drawing (perfect rationality)	Lesson drawing (bounded rationality) International pressures Image Consensus Perceptions Externalities	Direct imposition Conditionality Loans Business activities Obligations	Elected officials Bureaucrats Civil servants Pressure groups Political parties Policy entrepreneurs Experts Consultants Think Tanks Transnational corporations Supranational institutions	Policies Goals Content Instruments Programmes Institutions Ideologies Attitudes Cultural values Negative lessons	Internal Global	State governments City governments Local authorities	International organizations Regional State Local Governments Past Relations	Copying Emulation Mixtures Inspiration	Policy complexity Past policies Structural, institutional feasibility Ideology Cultural proximity Technology Economic Bureaucratic Language	Media Reports Commissioned Un-commissioned Conferences Meetings Visits Statements Written Verbal	Uninformed transfer Incomplete transfer Inappropriate transfer