Table 3.
Multivariable regression analysis. Association between empirical antibiotic prescribing, various covariates and length of hospital stay (LOS) (n = 626) and 30-day readmission (n = 609), respectively
| Variable | Length of hospital staya | 30-day readmissionb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted coefficient | [95% CI] | Adjusted odds ratio | [95% CI] | |
| Empirical antibiotic prescribing | ||||
| Penicillin G/V in monotherapy | 0 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. |
| Penicillin G + gentamicin | 0.68 | [−0.10, 1.46] | 1.39 | [0.73, 2.66] |
| Other antibiotics | 0.33 | [−0.43, 1.09] | 1.92 | [1.08, 3.42] |
| Antibiotic use pre-hospitalization | −0.25 | [− 0.95, 0.46] | 1.15 | [0.66, 1.99] |
| Female | 0.08 | [−0.53, 0.69] | 0.50 | [0.30, 0.82] |
| Age | 0.04 | [0.02, 0.07] | 1.01 | [0.99, 1.03] |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| COPD | 0.22 | [−0.46, 0.86] | 2.07 | [1.26, 3.41] |
| Heart failure | 1.40 | [0.62, 2.17] | 1.45 | [0.83, 2.51] |
| Diabetes Mellitus I or II | 0.38 | [−0.52, 1.27] | 1.22 | [0.63, 2.37] |
| Nursing home resident | −0.98 | [−2.05,2.17] | 1.40 | [0.64, 3.07] |
| Year admitted (2012 vs. 2010) | −0.42 | [−0.73,-0.11] | 0.85 | [0.66, 1.08] |
| Hospital | ||||
| Hospital A | 0 | Ref | 1 | Ref. |
| Hospital B | 0.81 | [−0,14, 1.76] | 0.74 | [0.37, 1.50] |
| Hospital C | 1.10 | [0.34, 1.87] | 0.51 | [0.29, 0.88] |
| Pathogens | ||||
| None identified | 0 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. |
| S.pneumoniae | 1.22 | [0.10, 2.34] | 0.96 | [0.37, 2.47] |
| H.influenzae | 2.13 | [− 041, 4.67] | 3.01 | [0.65, 14.02] |
| M. or C. pneumoniae | 0.75 | [−0.98, 2.48] | 0.39 | [0.05, 3.22] |
| S.aureus | 4.10 | [1.24, 6.96] | 5.24 | [0.99, 27.6] |
| Other bacteria | 5.19 | [2.98, 7.40] | 1.38 | [0.26, 7.38] |
| Influenza virus A or B | 1.86 | [−0.83, 4.55] | – | – |
| Other respiratory viruses | 0.44 | [−1.56, 2.44] | 0.85 | [0.10, 6.98] |
| Two or more pathogens | 1.40 | [−1.30, 4.10] | – | – |
| CRB-65 score | ||||
| 0 | 0 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. |
| 1 | −0.19 | [− 1.24, 0.85] | 0.82 | [0.32, 2.06] |
| 2 | 0.50 | [−0.65, 1.64] | 0.99 | [0.37, 2.61] |
| 3 | 1.92 | [0.35, 3.50] | 0.71 | [0.19, 2.66] |
| 4 | 1.63 | [−2.85, 6.11] | – | – |
| Missing data | −0.27 | [−1.55, 1.01] | 0.78 | [0.26, 2.39] |
CI confidence interval, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRB-65 Confusion, Respiration, Blood pressure and Age
a Linear regression to explore impact of empirical antibiotic prescribing on length of hospital stay. Adjusted for antibiotic use pre-hospitalization, gender, age, comorbidities, nursing home resident, year admitted (2012 vs. 2010), hospital, pathogens and severity of infection (CRB-65)
b Logistic regression to explore impact of empirical antibiotic prescribing on 30-day readmission. Adjusted for antibiotic use pre-hospitalization, gender, age, comorbidities, nursing home resident, year admitted (2012 vs. 2010), hospital, pathogens and severity of infection (CRB-65)