Table 2.

Global trend: Scaffolds development

Article	Institution/country	Description
Rasperini et al.[34] “3D-printed bioresorbable scaffold for periodontal repair”	University of Milan Italy University of Michigan USA Dankook University South Korea	The first reported human case of treating a large periodontal osseous defect with a 3D-printed bioresorbable patient-specific polymer scaffold and signaling growth factor
Costa et al.[35] “advanced tissue engineering scaffold design for regeneration of the complex hierarchical periodontal structure”	University of Minho headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Portugal Queensland University of Technology Australia Sichuan University China Griffith University Australia	Construction of biphasic scaffolds by attaching a fused deposition-modeled bone compartment to a melt electrospun periodontal compartment. The main purpose is to simultaneously regenerate alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum
Lee et al.[36] “3D printed multiphase scaffolds for regeneration of periodontium complex”	Columbia University Medical Center US	Development of multiphase region-specific micro scaffolds with spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive cues for integrated periodontium regeneration. It is demonstrated that by seeding these scaffolds with DPSCs, PDLSCs, or ABSCs, distinctive tissue phenotypes can be formed with collagen I-rich fibers especially by PDLSCs and mineralized tissues.

3D: Three-dimensional, PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells, DPSCs: Dental pulp stem/progenitor cells, ABSCs: Alveolar bone stem/progenitor cells