Table 3.

Global trend: Analysis of natural and synthetic materials

Article	Institution/Country	Description
Asa’ad et al.[33] “3D-printed scaffolds and biomaterials: Review of alveolar bone augmentation and periodontal regeneration applications”	University of Milan Italy University of Michigan USA	PCL is the most used biomaterial for periodontal applications due to its biocompatibility, suitability for various scaffold fabrication techniques, remarkably slow degradation rate and mechanical stability. It might enhance the maintenance of produced bone volume and the bone contour over time. Similar to PCL, PLA, and PLGA are hydrophobic while PGA is hydrophilic. They are usually combined with bioceramics such as calcium phosphates for alveolar bone regeneration. The predominant calcium phosphate ceramic in BTE is HA because it has the same chemical composition as native bone minerals
Ma et al.[37] “bioprinted microarray for screening the response of peridontal ligament stem cells response to GelMA/PEG hydrogels”	Xi’an Jiaotong University China	PDLSCs have been found to promote formation of new bone, cementum and functional periodontal ligament in diseased periodontium when properly stimulated. A high throughput method for testing the response of PLDSCs to the different gradient of biomaterials was developed. This method exhibits that bioprinting can be utilized as a tool to screen cell-biomaterial interactions in a more efficient way.
Sharma et al.[32] “biomaterials in tooth tissue Engineering: A review”	ESIC Dental College and Hospital India	The biomaterials for tooth regeneration are categorized as natural or synthetic. Natural biomaterials are proteins such as collagen, fibrin, and silk and polysaccharides such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, and agarose. Synthetic biomaterials can be organic like organic polymers such as PLA, PGA, PLGA, and PCL. Moreover, they can also be inorganic, as with calcium phosphate materials such as HA or β TCP and compositions of silicate and phosphate glasses. PLA, PGA, PLGA, and PCL are the few polymers that are commonly used for forming porous scaffolds. Synthetic polymers are the most frequent materials employed for teeth regeneration

BTE: Bone tissue engineering, PCL: Polycaprolactone, PLA: Polylactic acid, PGA: Polyglycolic acid, PLGA: Polylactide-co-glycolic acid, HA: Hydroxyapatite, 3D: Three-dimensional, PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells, β TCP: Beta-tricalcium phosphate