Table 3.

Uses of 3D printed optical tissue phantoms

Paper	Institution/country	Description
Ghassemi et al.[52] “Rapid prototyping of biomimetic vascular phantoms for hyperspectral reflectance imaging”	FDA/United States	The 3D printing of a human retinal vasculature phantom filled with hemoglobin solution was developed. The purpose was applying the phantom in tests of a near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imaging system for the analysis of the human retina
Bentz et al.[53] “3D printed optical phantoms and deep tissue imaging for in vivo applications including oral surgery”	School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University/United States	In the study, 3D printed mouse phantoms were created for use in deep fluorescence imaging tests. These phantoms represent an alternative to animal experimentation in these types of tests
Lv et al.[54] “Design of a portable phantom device to simulate tissue oxygenation and blood perfusion”	School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China/China	An optical tissue phantom was fabricated using 3D printing to mimic blood vessels. The phantom was used to calibrate and validate medical optical devices

FDA: Food and drug administration, 3D: Three-dimensional