Figure 4.

PARP1 inhibitor Veliparib treatment increases α‐synuclein degradation and reverses pathological symptoms in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. (a) Representative immunoblots and quantification of the level of α‐synuclein in SN4741 cells with different treatments. Mean ± SEM, n = 3. (b) Immunostaining of lysosomes (red) and GFP/GFP‐α‐synuclein (green) in SN4741 cell with various treatments. Scale bars, 5 μm. (c) Immunostaining of GFP/GFP‐α‐synuclein in primary cortex neurons. Scale bars, 10 μm. (d), staining of TMRM in SN4741 cell and primary cortex neurons with various treatment. Scale bars, 15 μm. (e) PI staining in SN4741 cell and primary cortex neurons Scale bars, 20 μm (the statistical significantly was analyzed by unpaired Student's t‐test or one‐way ANOVA, *p < .05, **p < .01, and ***p < .001). PARP1, Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1; TMRM, tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester