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. 2020 Jun 5;11:1224. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01224

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Copyright © 2020 Xu, Tachibana, Okanoya, Hagiwara, Hashimoto and Homae.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The grand average voice change (VC) of continuous fundamental frequency (F0) and formants (F1–F2) in both types of AF modification conditions. The upper panel shows the results in the formant modification (Fm) conditions and the lower panel shows those in the pitch + formant modification (PFm) conditions. Warm-colored lines represent the frequency-increased conditions and the cold-colored lines represent the frequency-decreased conditions. The black bars show the selected time window (750–1400 ms) with relatively stable vocal responses.