Table 1.
Targets of DNA methylation function in aerobic glycolysis.
| Target | Pathway | Inducement | Cancer/cell type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLUT-1 | Glycolysis | Rapid ATP synthesis /Acidic microenvironment | Colorectal cancer | 26 |
| LDH | Glycolysis | Rapid ATP synthesis / Redox balance/Acidic microenvironment | Breast cancer | 13 |
| PKM2 | Glycolysis / PPP | Rapid ATP synthesis/ Redox balance/Acidic microenvironment | Breast cancer / Pancreatic cancer | 37 38 |
| HK | Glycolysis | Rapid ATP synthesis /Acidic microenvironment | HCC / Glioblastoma / Ovarian cancer | 39 41 42 |
| GAPDH | Glycolysis | Rapid ATP synthesis /Acidic microenvironment | HCC | 45 |
| mt-DNA | Mitochondria | Rapid ATP synthesis / Redox balance | Colorectal cancer | 63 64 65 |
| Mieap | Mitochondria | Rapid ATP synthesis / Redox balance | Colorectal cancer / Hepatoblastoma | 74 |
| TKTL1 | Bypass pathway (PPP) | Biosynthesis Requirement / HIF accumulation | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | 82 83 |
| NRF2 | Bypass pathway (PPP) | Redox balance / Biosynthesis Requirement | Lung cancer cells / Glioma cells | 87 88 |
| FBP1 | Bypass pathway (Gluconeogenesis) | Glycolysis / Redox balance / Acidic microenvironment | NSCLC / HCC/Breast cancer | 96 97,98 |
| Wwox | Oxygen sensing pathway | HIF accumulation | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | 138 |
| PDK | Mitochondria | Rapid ATP synthesis / REDOX balance | Colorectal cancer | 77 |
| CITED4 | Oxygen sensing pathway | HIF function | Breast cancer | 134 |
| LIMD1 | Oxygen sensing pathway | HIF accumulation | Cervical carcinoma | 140 |
Abbreviation: GLUT: glucose transport; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; PK: pyruvate kinase; PK: pyruvate kinase; GAPDH:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Mieap: mitochondrial quality control protein; TKTL1: transketolase like-1; Nrf2: NF-E2-related factor 2; Nrf2: NF-E2-related factor 2; FBP: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; FBP: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; PDK: pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase family; CITED4: Carboxy-terminal domain4; HNSCC: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; NSCLC: non-small-cell lung cancer.