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. 2020 Jun 15;76(4):685–703. doi: 10.1007/s10640-020-00437-w

Table 1.

Green stimulus during the 2008–2009 Great Recession.

Source: Barbier (2010a, 2016a)

Economies Green stimulus (US$ bn) Share (%) of green stimulus in:
Low carbon powera Energy efficiencyb Waste, waterc Total Global total Fiscal stimulus GDPd
China 1.6 182.4 34.0 218.0 41.8 33.6 3.1
United States 39.3 58.3 20.0 117.7 22.5 12.0 0.9
South Korea 30.9 15.2 13.8 59.9 11.5 78.7 5.0
Japan 14.0 29.1 0.2 43.3 8.3 6.1 1.0
European Unione 13.1 9.6 0.0 22.8 4.4 58.7 0.2
Germany 0.0 13.8 0.0 13.8 2.6 13.2 0.5
France 0.9 5.1 0.2 6.2 1.2 18.2 0.3
United Kingdom 0.9 4.9 0.1 5.8 1.1 16.3 0.3
Canada 1.1 1.4 0.3 2.8 0.5 8.7 0.2
Italy 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.3 0.3 1.3 0.1
Total G20 105.3 330.1 78.1 513.5 98.3 17.1 0.8
Global total 107.6 335.4 79.1 522.1 100.0 15.7 0.7

G20 is the Group of 20 countries. The members of the G20 include 19 countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the UK and the US), plus the European Union

aSupport for renewable energy (geothermal, hydro, wind and solar, nuclear power, and carbon capture and sequestration

bSupport for energy conservation in buildings; fuel efficient vehicles; public transport and rail; and improving electrical grid transmission

cSupport for water, waste and pollution control, including water conservation, treatment and supply

dBased on 2007 estimated Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in terms of purchasing power parity, from the US Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook, available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html

eOnly the direct contribution by the European Union is included