TABLE 4.
The 26 most significant metabolites associated with FL among 57 significant metabolites adjusted for age, sex, and HbA1c levels.
| Metabolite | OR | CL | CU | t value | P | FDR |
| Betaine* | 2.12966068 | 1.66438833 | 2.72499784 | 6.01077856 | 1.85E-09 | 1.05E-07 |
| L-Tyrosine* | 2.85341036 | 1.92114399 | 4.23807415 | 5.19494456 | 2.05E-07 | 5.84E-06 |
| Oxidized glutathione* | 1.7939313 | 1.42065818 | 2.26528066 | 4.90996828 | 9.11E-07 | 1.73E-05 |
| N-Acetylglucosamine* | 1.6785802 | 1.35712434 | 2.07617784 | 4.77550669 | 1.79E-06 | 2.55E-05 |
| Lithocholic acid* | 1.53009111 | 1.24630259 | 1.8784995 | 4.06364889 | 4.83E-05 | 0.00049599 |
| Lactate* | 0.65144643 | 0.52930406 | 0.80177441 | −4.04551 | 5.22E-05 | 0.00049599 |
| Pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid* | 1.4633179 | 1.19916256 | 1.78566222 | 3.74810872 | 0.00017817 | 0.00145084 |
| L-Methionine* | 1.47026597 | 1.18226511 | 1.8284241 | 3.46527672 | 0.00052969 | 0.00377401 |
| L-Tryptophan* | 1.4145468 | 1.15893701 | 1.7265327 | 3.41056514 | 0.00064828 | 0.00378973 |
| Urocanic acid* | 1.40312876 | 1.15449382 | 1.70531039 | 3.40367209 | 0.00066487 | 0.00378973 |
| Uracil* | 1.42469938 | 1.15975359 | 1.75017206 | 3.37182114 | 0.00074673 | 0.00386942 |
| [8]-Shogaol* | 1.40526916 | 1.14462591 | 1.72526359 | 3.25052568 | 0.00115192 | 0.00547161 |
| L-Proline* | 0.72332176 | 0.59365193 | 0.88131504 | −3.2134187 | 0.00131165 | 0.00575108 |
| Purine* | 1.39189424 | 1.12750237 | 1.71828426 | 3.07653288 | 0.00209423 | 0.00852652 |
| Glucose* | 0.73965682 | 0.60485591 | 0.90450007 | −2.9378068 | 0.00330543 | 0.01256063 |
| Pyruvic acid* | 0.75616671 | 0.61730273 | 0.92626852 | −2.6998564 | 0.00693694 | 0.02390062 |
| Adenine* | 1.3194087 | 1.07818635 | 1.61459967 | 2.69079233 | 0.00712826 | 0.02390062 |
| Alpha-dimorphecolic acid* | 0.76942166 | 0.62336711 | 0.94969671 | −2.4405653 | 0.0146643 | 0.04643693 |
| Phenylalanyl-Arginine* | 1.26891943 | 1.04241067 | 1.54464699 | 2.37402965 | 0.01759514 | 0.050412 |
| Dideoxymycobactin* | 0.78981126 | 0.64990349 | 0.95983763 | −2.3720766 | 0.01768842 | 0.050412 |
| Glycerol tripropanoate* | 1.25491863 | 1.03820859 | 1.51686354 | 2.34767749 | 0.01889087 | 0.05127522 |
| Phenylpyruvic acid* | 0.77780104 | 0.62924378 | 0.96143097 | −2.3237225 | 0.02014037 | 0.05218187 |
| Creatine* | 0.79935316 | 0.6602648 | 0.96774124 | −2.2962044 | 0.0216642 | 0.05368953 |
| 3-Formylsalicylic acid* | 1.25266662 | 1.02631689 | 1.52893679 | 2.21546694 | 0.02672803 | 0.06347907 |
| 4-oxo-docosanoic acid* | 1.23158951 | 1.01314323 | 1.49713553 | 2.09107893 | 0.03652099 | 0.08183483 |
| 3-Pyrimidin-2-yl-Propionic Acid* | 1.24092841 | 1.01274466 | 1.52052476 | 2.08215659 | 0.03732817 | 0.08183483 |
| Palmitoyl glucuronide | 1.19088225 | 0.98170979 | 1.44462299 | 1.77268467 | 0.07628097 | 0.16103761 |
| N-Acetylvanilalanine | 0.84455515 | 0.6903238 | 1.0332447 | −1.6421217 | 0.10056478 | 0.20472115 |
| Myristoylcarnitine | 0.85018063 | 0.69683413 | 1.03727281 | −1.5993885 | 0.10973431 | 0.21568467 |
| PG(P-18:0/0:0) | 0.84884908 | 0.68885126 | 1.04600922 | −1.5378668 | 0.12408118 | 0.23575425 |
| 3′-Keto-3′-deoxy-AMP | 0.87080284 | 0.71847067 | 1.05543292 | −1.4100825 | 0.15851532 | 0.29095774 |
| 2-glyceryl-PGF2α | 1.14719977 | 0.94493723 | 1.39275634 | 1.38767768 | 0.16523521 | 0.29095774 |
| Palmitoyl Ethanolamide | 0.87101039 | 0.71559309 | 1.06018226 | −1.3772039 | 0.16844922 | 0.29095774 |
| Niacinamide | 0.87638866 | 0.72270821 | 1.06274853 | −1.3413271 | 0.17981427 | 0.30145333 |
| N-palmitoyl leucine | 0.878715 | 0.72528806 | 1.06459778 | −1.3206278 | 0.1866255 | 0.30393295 |
| 1-Octen-3-yl glucoside | 1.13228205 | 0.92938045 | 1.37948095 | 1.23308906 | 0.21754254 | 0.34444235 |
| Inosine 2′-phosphate | 0.89619591 | 0.73830719 | 1.08784949 | −1.1084092 | 0.26768515 | 0.41237983 |
| Prosopinine | 0.91231546 | 0.74867246 | 1.11172715 | −0.9098758 | 0.362888 | 0.52960861 |
| Tetrandrine | 0.90727914 | 0.73483704 | 1.12018775 | −0.9047284 | 0.36560931 | 0.52960861 |
| N-arachidonoyl tyrosine | 1.09225223 | 0.90000599 | 1.32556332 | 0.89337729 | 0.37165516 | 0.52960861 |
| 3,7-Dimethyloctanal | 0.92523277 | 0.76583693 | 1.11780413 | −0.8055564 | 0.42049868 | 0.58459572 |
| 3-Amino-L-Tyrosine | 0.92597687 | 0.76343194 | 1.1231298 | −0.7809123 | 0.43485409 | 0.59015912 |
| PS(12:0/18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)) | 1.07789258 | 0.88891905 | 1.30703962 | 0.76269803 | 0.4456435 | 0.59073674 |
| N-ethyl N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl) arachidonoyl amine | 0.92694468 | 0.75277268 | 1.14141554 | −0.7143992 | 0.47498035 | 0.61531545 |
| Oleoyl Ethanolamide | 0.94634878 | 0.78134734 | 1.14619448 | −0.5641298 | 0.57266578 | 0.70474265 |
| 2-Methyl-1,3-oxathiane | 0.94759109 | 0.78021615 | 1.15087193 | −0.5428866 | 0.58720787 | 0.70474265 |
| 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine | 1.05409689 | 0.87055921 | 1.27632932 | 0.53977667 | 0.58935106 | 0.70474265 |
| 3S-Aminodecanoic acid | 1.05316396 | 0.86678598 | 1.27961728 | 0.52128152 | 0.60217067 | 0.70474265 |
| DL-Glycerol 1-phosphate | 1.05456176 | 0.86186592 | 1.29034051 | 0.51603294 | 0.6058314 | 0.70474265 |
| Maprotiline glucuronide | 0.96128301 | 0.79507038 | 1.16224306 | −0.4076807 | 0.68350813 | 0.77919927 |
| 4-Methylene-L-glutamate | 1.03562819 | 0.84849307 | 1.26403596 | 0.34428259 | 0.73063378 | 0.8165907 |
| N,N-Dimethylaniline N-oxide | 1.02864516 | 0.84885995 | 1.24650817 | 0.28815395 | 0.7732289 | 0.84757783 |
| Cystamine | 1.02490095 | 0.84205024 | 1.24745759 | 0.24531946 | 0.80620909 | 0.86705506 |
| L-Homocysteic acid | 1.02230671 | 0.83844272 | 1.24649065 | 0.21808909 | 0.8273597 | 0.8702951 |
| PI(P-18:0/15:1(9Z)) | 0.9801715 | 0.80721801 | 1.19018179 | −0.2022025 | 0.83975843 | 0.8702951 |
| Propylthiouracil glucuronide | 1.0084228 | 0.82428505 | 1.23369524 | 0.08153469 | 0.93501674 | 0.95171346 |
| Butyl butyryllactate | 0.99823666 | 0.82365976 | 1.20981561 | −0.0179948 | 0.98564298 | 0.98564298 |
FL, corneal fluorescein staining; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; OR, odds ratio; CL, lower of confidence interval; CU, upper of confidence interval. * P < 0.05.