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. 2020 Jun 15;17(8):875–877. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-0483-y

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© CSI and USTC 2020

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Fig. 1 — Cellular immune responses during COVID-19. a Absolute number of CD4⁺ T cells, frequencies of HLA-DR⁺, IFN-γ⁺, CD45RO⁺, and CD28⁺ cells within CD4⁺ T cells, and CD25^highCD127^low regulatory T cells within lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients. b Absolute number of CD8⁺ T cells and frequencies of CD28⁺, HLA-DR⁺, and IFN-γ⁺ cells within CD8⁺ T cells in COVID-19 patients. c, d Ratio of CD4/CD8 and absolute number of NK cells (d) in COVID-19 patients. e Absolute number of monocytes and frequencies of CD16⁻, HLA-DR⁺, and CD54⁺ cells within monocytes in COVID-19 patients. f Absolute number of DC and frequency of CD86⁺ cells within DC in COVID-19 patients. g Absolute number of CD19⁺ B cells and frequencies of B-cell subsets within total B cells in COVID-19 patients. The mean values of results in different stages were shown in line graph. Data are compared between survived and deceased patients in the same stage of disease. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (Mann–Whitney U test). h The simulated diagram shows the characteristics of immune responses in survived and deceased COVID-19 patients with different onset time (↑or↓means that the mean value in the described stage is increased or decreased compared with the result in the early stage, respectively)