Table 2. Association of PPI use with mortality in 703 stable KTRs from the TransplantLines study.

	All-Cause Mortality
Number of events = 194	HR	95% CI	P
Crude	1.86	1.38–2.52	<0.001
Model 1	1.73	1.25–2.38	0.001
Model 2	1.68	1.21–2.33	0.002
Model 3	1.67	1.19–2.34	0.003
Model 4	1.63	1.17–2.27	0.007
Model 5	1.49	1.07–2.09	0.02
Model 6	1.46	1.04–2.03	0.03
Model 7	1.53	1.09–2.14	0.01

Model 1: PPI use adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and time since transplantation. Model 2: Model 1 additionally adjusted for eGFR, proteinuria, deceased donor transplant, preemptive transplantation, and primary renal disease. Model 3: Model 2 additionally adjusted for donor age, donor sex, donor weight, donor height, donor serum creatinine, number of HLA mismatches, and induction therapy. Model 4: Model 2 additionally adjusted for smoking behavior and alcohol use. Model 5: Model 2 additionally adjusted for the use of antihypertensive agents, platelet inhibitors, vitamin K antagonists, proliferation inhibitors, and CNIs. Model 6: Model 2 additionally adjusted for comorbidities (diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease). Model 7: Model 2 additionally adjusted for potential mediators (plasma magnesium and serum iron).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CNI, calcineurin inhibitor; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HLA, Human Leukocyte Antigen; HR, hazard ratio; KTR, kidney transplant recipient; PPI, proton-pump inhibitor