Table 1. Characteristics of the patients by mortality.
| Characteristics | Survival (n = 78) | Mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death (n = 20) | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||||
| Female, sex | 48 (61.5) | 6 (30.0) | 0.27 (0.09–0.77) | 0.023 | ||
| Age, yr | 71.0 (67.0–78.0) | 77.0 (73.0–83.5) | 0.003 | |||
| 65–69 | 31 (39.7) | 2 (10.0) | 0.012 | |||
| 70–79 | 34 (43.6) | 10 (50.0) | ||||
| ≥ 80 | 13 (16.7) | 8 (40.0) | ||||
| Nosocomial acquisition | 5 (6.4) | 7 (35.0) | 7.86 (2.16–28.57) | 0.002 | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Any | 53 (67.9) | 20 (100.0) | N/A | 0.008 | ||
| Diabetes | 16 (20.5) | 11 (55.0) | 4.74 (1.68–13.38) | 0.005 | ||
| Hypertension | 38 (48.7) | 13 (65.0) | 1.95 (0.70–5.42) | 0.294 | ||
| Chronic lung disease | 3 (3.8) | 5 (25.0) | 8.33 (1.80–38.68) | 0.008 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 13 (16.7) | 3 (15.0) | 0.88 (0.23–3.45) | > 0.999 | ||
| Chronic renal disease | 3 (3.8) | 3 (15.0) | 4.41 (0.82–23.78) | 0.097 | ||
| Chronic liver disease | 1 (1.3) | 2 (10.0) | 8.56 (0.73–99.61) | 0.105 | ||
| Chronic neurologic disease | 6 (7.7) | 8 (40.0) | 8.00 (2.36–27.16) | 0.001 | ||
| Cancer | 7 (9.0) | 4 (20.0) | 2.54 (0.66–9.71) | 0.228 | ||
| Immunosuppressant use | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.0) | N/A | 0.204 | ||
| Clinical manifestations on admission | ||||||
| Heart rate | 84.7 ± 16.9 | 94.0 ± 17.6 | 0.032 | |||
| ≥ 90 | 29 (37.2) | 10 (50.0) | 1.69 (0.63–4.55) | 0.430 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 138.1 ± 25.3 | 114.0 ± 24.4 | < 0.001 | |||
| < 110 | 8 (10.3) | 8 (40.0) | 5.83 (1.84–18.53) | 0.004 | ||
| Vasopressor use | 4 (5.1) | 4 (20.0) | 4.63 (1.04–20.47) | 0.052 | ||
| Respiratory rate (n = 94) | 20.0 (18.0–20.5) | 23.0 (20.0–28.0) | < 0.001 | |||
| ≥ 20 | 52/75 (69.3) | 19/19 (100.0) | N/A | 0.005 | ||
| Oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry on room air, % (n = 77) | 96.0 (93.5–98.0) | 90.5 (85.0–95.0) | 0.010 | |||
| < 95 | 19/59 (32.2) | 11/18 (61.1) | 3.31 (1.11–9.88) | 0.054 | ||
| Body temperature, °C | 37.0 (36.5–37.9) | 37.3 (36.6–37.8) | 0.375 | |||
| Altered mental status | 7 (9.0) | 11 (55.0) | 12.40 (3.83–40.11) | < 0.001 | ||
| MEWS | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | < 0.001 | |||
| NEWS2 | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 4.5 (2.0–6.0) | 0.001 | |||
| Laboratory findings on admission | ||||||
| White blood cell count, /mm3 | 5,135.0 (4,140.0–6,730.0) | 7,855.0 (6,610.0–14,445.0) | < 0.001 | |||
| Neutrophil count, /mm3 | 3,403.8 (2,430.0–4,790.0) | 6,451.2 (5,260.1–11,532.2) | < 0.001 | |||
| > 4,500, /mm3 | 21 (26.9) | 16 (84.2) | 14.48 (3.83–54.78) | < 0.001 | ||
| Lymphocyte count, /mm3 | 1,251.4 (895.7–1,510.0) | 636.4 (519.1–858.6) | < 0.001 | |||
| < 900 | 20 (25.6) | 15 (78.9) | 10.88 (3.23–36.63) | < 0.001 | ||
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 15.7 (12.0–20.0) | 36.4 (16.5–45.0) | < 0.001 | |||
| > 20 | 20 (25.6) | 14 (70.0) | 6.77 (2.29–19.99) | 0.001 | ||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | < 0.001 | |||
| > 1.0 | 22 (28.2) | 17 (85.0) | 14.42 (3.84–54.14) | < 0.001 | ||
| Lactate dehydrogenase (n = 77), IU/L | 507.0 (449.0–677.0) | 599.0 (557.0–744.0) | 0.053 | |||
| > 600 | 21/68 (30.9) | 4/9 (44.4) | 1.79 (0.44–7.35) | 0.461 | ||
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 2.6 (0.6–7.1) | 12.8 (9.6–18.6) | < 0.001 | |||
| > 8.0 | 19 (24.4) | 18 (90.0) | 27.95 (5.93–131.63) | < 0.001 | ||
| Radiologic findings on admission | ||||||
| Presence of infiltrate | 60 (76.9) | 20 (100.0) | N/A | 0.020 | ||
| Bilateral infiltrate | 46 (59.0) | 20 (100.0) | N/A | 0.001 | ||
| Treatment | ||||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir | 57 (73.1) | 18 (90.0) | 3.32 (0.71–15.53) | 0.145 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 47 (60.3) | 12 (60.0) | 0.99 (0.36–2.70) | > 0.999 | ||
| Corticosteroid | 13 (16.7) | 15 (75.0) | 15.00 (4.64–48.54) | < 0.001 | ||
| Clinical course | ||||||
| Highest respiratory support | < 0.001 | |||||
| None | 38 (48.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| Supplementary oxygen | 31 (39.7) | 1 (5.0) | ||||
| High-flow nasal cannula | 0 (0.0) | 12 (60.0) | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 9 (11.5) | 7 (35.0) | ||||
| Continuous renal-replacement therapy | 3 (3.8) | 1 (5.0) | ||||
| Outcome at the last follow-up | ||||||
| Discharged alive | 12 (15.4) | |||||
| Being admitted and stable | 61 (78.2) | |||||
| Being admitted and on mechanical ventilator | 5 (6.4) | |||||
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or number (%).
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, N/A = not available, MEWS = modified early warning score, NEWS2 = national early warning score 2.