Table 1.
Physicochemical characteristics of various MNs for non-transdermal target tissues.
| Target tissue | Size & shape L = length AR = aspect ratio |
Material & type | Drug & release | Fabrication | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rabbit cornea | L:400–750 pm | Metal | DNA, Bevacizumab | Laser-cutting | Manual patching | [22][113] |
| AR: 2.6–3.0 | Coated | Instant delivery | (2D cut) | |||
| Human cornea | L: 961 ±27 pm | PVA/PVP | Besifloxacin | Conventional molding | Manual patching | [116] |
| AR: 2.4–2.8 | Dissolving | Sustained (< 24 h) | ||||
| Mouse cornea | L: 500 pm | MeHA/HA Double | Immunoglobulins | Multiple molding | Manual patching | [117] |
| AR: 2.0 | layered | Sustained (> 1 day) | ||||
| Mouse cornea | L: 140 pm | SU-8 | Sunitinib | Transfer molding | Pen-type | [77] |
| AR: 0.7 | Coated | Instant delivery | injector | |||
| Mouse cornea | L: 150 pm | SU-8/PLGA | PHMB | Transfer molding | Pen-type | [79] |
| AR: 1.5 | Hybrid | Sustained (< 4 day) | injector | |||
| Pig choroid | L: 750–1000 pm | Glass or Metal | Bevacizumab | Conventional | Syringe | [119] [120] [121] |
| AR: 2.5–3.5 | Hollow | Instant injection | machining | |||
| Beagle sclera | L: 400 pm | SU-8 | Rhodamine B (dye) | Transfer molding | Pen-type | [78] |
| AR: 1.5 | Coated | Instant delivery | injector | |||
| Rabbit sclera | L: 5–10 mm | Nickel | Phenylephrine | Drawing lithography | Syringe | [122] |
| AR: ultra-high | Hollow | Instant injection | ||||
| Canine aorta | L: 600–700 pm | PLGA | Paclitaxel | Thermal drawing | Surgery | [110] [49] |
| AR: 2.2–2.7 | Coated | Sustained (<4wks) | (Cuffed base) | |||
| Rabbit aorta | L: 650 pm | PLGA | Paclitaxel | Thermal drawing | Surgery | [50][51] |
| AR: 3.5 | Coated | Sustained (<4wks) | (Cuffed base) | |||
| Rabbit aorta | L: 650 pm | PLGA | Paclitaxel/Sirolimus | Thermal drawing | Surgery | [129] |
| AR: 3.5 | Coated | Sustained (<4wks) | (Cuffed base) | |||
| Rabbit aorta | L: 640 pm | PLGA | Sirolimus | Transfer molding | Surgery | [38] |
| AR: 1.5 | Coated | Sustained (<4wks) | (Mesh base) | |||
| Human Aorta | L: 900 pm | Metal | Dexamethasone | Conventional | Intervention | [130] [131] |
| AR: 2.6–3.0 | Hollow | Instant injection | machining | (Catheter) | ||
| Pig GI tract | L: 5 mm | Metal | Insulin | Conventional assembly | Orally | [133] |
| AR: 25G needle | Hollow | Instant delivery | (Pill type) | |||
| Porcine buccal tissue | L: 700 pm | Metal | Doxorubicin | Laser-cutting | Manual patching | [134] |
| AR: 3.5 | Coated | Instant delivery | (2D cut) | [137] | ||
| Humam vagina | L: 650 pm | Compounds | Biological agents | Conventional molding | Manual patching | [139] |
| AR: 1.8 | Dissolving | Instant delivery | ||||
| Mouse vagina | L: 650 pm | Compounds | Biological agents | Conventional molding | Manual patching | [140] |
| AR: 1.8 | Dissolving | Instant delivery | ||||
| Cardiac muscle | L: 600 pm | PVA | Cardiac cell | Conventional molding | Surgery | [141] |
| AR: 2.0 | Porous | Instant delivery |