Table 2.
Arithmetic mean ± standard deviation of every outcome measure before (pre), immediately after (post), 3 h after exercise (3 h)
| Outcomes measure | Time point | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gut integrity | Pre | Post | 3h | ANOVA time effect (p value) | AUCi (score) | Treatment effect (p value) | |||
| Zonulin (ng/ml) | con | 3.00 ± 2.35 | 3.03 ± 2.70 | 2.76 ± 2.20 | 0.345 | − 28.6 ± 210.1 | 0.084 | ||
| M | 2.40 ± 2.31 | 2.90 ± 2.37 | 2.42 ± 2.28 | 0.016ac | 75.3 ± 195.2 | ||||
| LPS (pg/ml) | con | 34:5 ± 19.8 | 36.8 ± 16.7 | 37.0 ± 19.0 | 0.659 | 197.2 ± 1063.4 | 0.362 | ||
| M | 30.4 ± 17.0 | 34.5 ± 16.9 | 31.0 ± 17.5 | 0.047c | 324.2 ± 1133.1 | ||||
| CLDN3 (pg/ml) | con | 65.9 ± 14.3 | 71.9 ± 11.4 | 75.3 ± 9.6 | 0.239 | 743.5 ± 1967.4 | 0.844 | ||
| M | 63.8 ± 15.2 | 73.3 ± 20.9 | 63.8 ± 16.5 | 0.019a | 859.5 ± 2030.0 | ||||
| Redox status | |||||||||
| TBARS (µmol/l) | con | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 0.001a | 55.9 ± 15.3 | 0.025 | ||
| M | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 0.001c | 18.8 ± 14.6 | ||||
| Intestinal damage | |||||||||
| I-FABP (pg/ml) | con | 384.3 ± 450.9 | 559.8 ± 465.6 | 474.7 ± 491.6 | 0.000ab | 45682.0 ± 50829.3 | 0.037 | ||
| M | 390.6 ± 524.4 | 509.4 ± 456.7 | 552.1 ± 503.5 | 0.003ab | 20305.8 ± 17478.7 | ||||
| Liver/muscle damage | |||||||||
| GPT (U/l) | con | 32.4 ± 7.5 | 34.4 ± 8.8 | 31.7 ± 6.9 | 0.000ab | 78.9 ± 294.3 | 0.559 | ||
| M | 46.7 ± 36.1 | 47.9 ± 35.6 | 46.0 ± 33.3 | 0.153 | 129.5 ± 340.2 | ||||
| GOT (U/l) | con | 32.4 ± 13.8 | 35.4 ± 13.4 | 35.6 ± 13.0 | 0.000ab | 612.6 ± 363.8 | 0.496 | ||
| M | 40.3 ± 21.0 | 44.0 ± 22.6 | 42.0 ± 19.0 | 0.000ab | 682.1 ± 301.0 | ||||
| Systemic, inflammatory status | |||||||||
| hsCRP (mg/l) | con | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.143 | 3.5 ± 8.3 | 0.248 | ||
| M | 1.6 ± 2.9 | 1.7 ± 3.1 | 1.8 ± 3.4 | 0.047 | 111.3 ± 294.0 | ||||
| Leukocytes (× 106/ml) | con | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | 9.5 ± 2.5 | 0.000abc | 578.2 ± 274.4 | 0.703 | ||
| M | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 7.3 ± 1.5 | 9.7 ± 1.5 | 0.000abc | 552.0 ± 282.7 | ||||
| Red blood cell count and indices | |||||||||
| Erythrocytes (× 106/µl) | con | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 0.000ac | 20.4 ± 27.0 | 0.676 | ||
| M | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 0.000ac | 24.1 ± 28.2 | ||||
| Hematocrit (%) | con | 44.2 ± 2.9 | 45.1 ± 2.8 | 43.6 ± 3.3 | 0.001ac | 60.3 ± 253.6 | 0.612 | ||
| M | 44.9 ± 2.4 | 46.0 ± 2.8 | 44.3 ± 3.1 | 0.001ac | 102.5 ± 267.2 | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | con | 15.0 ± 1.0 | 15.4 ± 1.0 | 15.0 ± 1.1 | 0.000ac | 56.8 ± 78.3 | 0.815 | ||
| M | 15.0 ± 0.9 | 15.5 ± 1.0 | 15.0 ± 1.0 | 0.001ac | 63.5 ± 110.3 | ||||
| Thrombocytes (× 103/µl) | con | 218 ± 40 | 277 ± 49 | 231 ± 44 | 0.000abc | 8445.8 ± 4024.1 | 0.987 | ||
| M | 214 ± 36 | 278 ± 53 | 224 ± 38 | 0.000abc | 8461.6 ± 3981.2 | ||||
| MCV (fl) | con | 88.7 ± 3.1 | 87.6 ± 3.0 | 87.5 ± 3.0 | 0.000ab | − 232.3 ± 102.5 | 0.936 | ||
| M | 90.9 ± 3.4 | 89.9 ± 3.5 | 89.5 ± 3.1 | 0.000ab | − 234.8 ± 161.9 | ||||
| MCH (pg/Ery) | con | 30.2 ± 1.1 | 30.2 ± 1.1 | 30.2 ± 1.1 | 0.765 | − 5,8 ± 69.0 | 0.568 | ||
| M | 30.3 ± 1.0 | 30.2 ± 1.1 | 30.3 ± 1.0 | 0.591 | − 16.3 ± 74.2 | ||||
| MCHC (g/dl Ery) | con | 34.0 ± 0.9 | 34.3 ± 0.8 | 34.4 ± 0.8 | 0.002ab | 77.7 ± 80.4 | 0.756 | ||
| M | 33.4 ± 0.9 | 33.7 ± 0.9 | 33.8 ± 0.8 | 0.003ab | 71.4 ± 93.8 | ||||
The respective AUCI scores of the control condition (con) and with prior Mutaflor®-intake (M), p values for ANOVA time effects (a: pre vs. post, b: pre vs. 3 h, c: post vs. 3 h), and AUCI comparisons are given
Bold values show significant changes