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. 2020 Jun 15;10:9602. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66612-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A–C) Histological sections of udder tissues of glands infected with pathogenic Escherichia coli. Representative hematoxylin-eosin histological sections of control and infected glands of 10 cows challenged with different mammary pathogenic strains of E. coli. Note the level of alveolar cuboidal epithelial structure in full lactating glands in high yielding cows (A), and increased interlobular collagen rich fibrous stroma and fat in low yielding cows (B). In challenged glands, increased interlobular collagen rich areas with fibrous stroma and fat was observed, with mononuclear leucocytes among lobules and PMN within normal alveoli in two out of 10 glands (C). Images were captured using the MagnaFire Digital Camera controlled by NIS-Elements F3.0 software (https://www.microscope.healthcare.nikon.com/products/software).