Table 1.

The regulation of PPP enzymes in cancer cells.

Enzyme	Cancer type	Regulation	References
G6PD	Lung cancer	TAp73 transcriptionally activates G6PD	(56, 57)
		Nrf2 transcriptionally activates G6PD	(58)
		O-GlcNAcylation of G6PD at S84 enhances its activity	(59)
	Liver cancer	ID1/Wnt/β-catenin/c-MYC transcriptionally activates G6PD	(60)
		PTEN/Tcl1/hnRNPK regulates pre-mRNA splicing and activity of G6PD	(61)
		BAG3 inhibits dimerization and activity of G6PD	(62)
	Colorectal cancer	YY1 transcriptionally activates G6PD	(63)
		P53 inactivates G6PD	(64)
	Leukemia	mTORC1/SREBP1 transcriptionally activates G6PD	(65, 66)
		SIRT2 deacetylates G6PD at K403 which enhances its activity	(67)
	Breast cancer	NSD2 increases the level of H3K36me2 at the promoter of G6PD and enhances its expression	(68)
	Prostate cancer	TRIM21 promotes ubiquitination of G6PD	(69)
	Cervical cancer	Plk1 phosphorylates G6PD at T406 and T466 which promotes its active dimer formation	(70)
6PGD	Lung cancer	Nrf2 transcriptionally activates 6PGD	(58)
		YTHDF2 binds to the m6A modification site of 6PGD mRNA and promotes its translation	(71)
		DLAT and ACAT2 acetylate 6PGD at K76 and K294 which enhances its activity, while HDAC4 deacetylates both sites	(72)
	Brain cancer	EGFR promotes phosphorylation of 6PGD at Y481 by Fyn which enhances its activity	(73)
RPI/RPE	Pancreatic cancer	Kras G12D transcriptionally activates RPI/RPE	(74)
TKT	Lung cancer	Nrf2 transcriptionally activates TKT	(58)
	Liver cancer	BACH1 transcriptionally represses TKTNrf2 transcriptionally activates TKT	(75)
	Breast cancer	PFKFB4/SRC-3-ATF4 transcriptionally activates TKT	(76)
	Leukemia	BCR-ABL/HIF-1α transcriptionally activates TKT	(77)
	Pancreatic cancer	MUC1/HIF-1α transcriptionally activates TKT	(78)
TALDO	Lung cancer	Nrf2 transcriptionally activates TALDO	(58)