Table 1.

Group-mean raw scores on the three cognitive tests for the normal-hearing (NH) and simulated-hearing-loss (SHL) groups, and statistical results from independent-samples t-tests (degrees of freedom, df ; t-value, t; p-value, p) for z score–transformed performance on each of the three memory tests.

Cognitive measures	Listener group		Statistical results
	NH	SHL	df	t	p
Forward digit span (out of 88)	43.3	36.5	54	2.143	0.019
Backward digit span (out of 70)	32.3	25.6	54	2.652	0.005
Listening span (out of 54)	28.6	23.4	54	4.104	<0.001

The maximum score is given in parentheses next to the name of the test.