Table 4.
Probiotic influence on markers of gastrointestinal barrier integrity in healthy adults.
| References | Pop.a | Study design | Probiotic manipulation/GI stressor | Duration | Measures and results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise-induced GI injury | |||||
| Carbuhn et al. (33) | 16 female collegiate swimmers; age not reported | DB, RCT; parallel | B. longum 35624 1 x 109 CFU/d vs. placebo during intensified training period | 6 weeks | Inflammation: no differences Plasma endotoxin: no differences |
| Gill et al. (69) | 8 endurance trained male runners; 26 ± 6 years | DB, RCT; crossover | L. casei* (1011 CFU/d) vs. placebo/ 2 h run at 60% max intensity in a hot environment | 7 days | Plasma endotoxin (post-exercise): worsened w/ probiotic Inflammation (post-exercise): no differences |
| Lamprecht et al. (64) | 23 endurance trained men; 38 ± 4 years | DB, RCT; parallel | B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W51, E. faecium W54, L. acidophilus W22, L. brevis W63, L. lactis W58 (1010 CFU/day) vs. placebo/ 90 min intense cycling | 14 weeks | GI permeability (indirectly measured): improved w/ probiotic Inflammation: 1 of 2 markers improved w/ probiotic |
| Roberts et al. (72) | 20 recreationally active adults; 35 ± 2 years | DB, RCT; parallel | L. acidophilus CUL-60 (109 CFU/d), L. acidophilus CUL-21 (109 CFU/d), B. bifidum CUL-20 (9.5 x 109 CFU/d), B. animalis subsp lactis CUL-34 (5 x 108 CFU/d), 0.4 g FOS vs. placebo/ Long-distance triathlon | 13 weeks | Small intestinal permeability: improved w/ probiotic Plasma endotoxin: improved w/ probiotic |
| Shing et al. (39) | 10 male runners; 27 ± 2 years | DB, RCT; crossover | L. acidophilus (7 x 109 CFU/d), L. rhamnosus (16 x 109 CFU/d), L. casei (3 x 109 CFU/d), L. plantarum (3 x 109 CFU/d), L. fermentum (109 CFU/d), B. lactis (4 x 109 CFU/d), B. breve (109 CFU/d), B. bifidum (4.5 x 108 CFU/d), S. thermophilus (2 x 109 CFU/d) vs. placebo/ Run to fatigue at 80% max intensity in a hot environment | 4 weeks | Gastroduodenal permeability: no differences Small intestinal permeability: no differences Serum LPS: no differences Inflammation: no differences |
| NSAID-induced GI injury | |||||
| Endo et al. (84) | 29 chronic aspirin and omeprazole users + iron deficiency anemia; 72 ± 7 years | DB, RCT; parallel | L. casei* (45 x 108 to 62 x 109 CFU/d) vs. placebo/ Chronic aspirin use | 3 months | Mucosal damage, small intestine: improved w/ probiotic |
| Gotteland et al. (85) | 16 healthy adults; 23 ± 4 years | DB, RCT; crossover | L. rhamnosus GG (2.4 x 109 CFU/d), L. helveticus (2.4 x 109 CFU/d), L. acidophilus (2.4 x 109CFU/d) containing dairy product vs. same dairy product after heat treatment vs. no treatment/ Indomethacin ingestion | 5 days | Gastroduodenal permeability: improved w/ probiotic Small intestinal permeability: no differences |
| Krumbeck et al. (76) | 94 obese adults; 44 ± 11 years | DB, RCT; parallel | B adolescentis IVS-1 (109 CFU/d) vs. B. animalis subsp lactis BB-12 (109 CFU/d) vs. IVS-1+GOS vs. BB-12+GOS vs. GOS vs. lactose/ Aspirin ingestion | 3 weeks | GI permeability: no differences Serum LPS: no differences |
CFU, colony forming units; DB, double-blind; FOS, fructo-oligosaccharides; GI, gastrointestinal; GOS, galacto-oligosaccharide; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; RCT, randomized-controlled trial; w/ = with.
*
Strain not reported.
a
Mean ± SD and/or range.
B., Bifidobacterium; C., Clostridium; E., Enterococcus; L., Lactobacillus, S., Streptococcus.