Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, psychological characteristics, and performance in the Color Trail Test (CTT) in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.
| Variable/measure | Schizophrenia patients | Healthy controls | t | d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | |||
| Demographic and psychological characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 28.73 | 4.27 | 28.67 | 4.56 | 0.08 | – |
| Years of education | 14.63 | 2.80 | 15.21 | 2.61 | -1.25 | – |
| General cognitive functioning | 28.37 | 1.64 | 28.72 | 1.28 | -1.35 | – |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Duration of illness | 5.08 | 4.55 | min-max: 1 - 17 | |||
| Psychopathological symptoms in PANSS | ||||||
| Positive symptoms | 4.60 | 5.55 | min-max: 0 - 25 | |||
| Negative symptoms | 7.64 | 6.27 | min-max: 0 - 29 | |||
| Disorganization symptoms | 4.19 | 4.03 | min-max: 0 - 14 | |||
| Excited symptoms | 1.60 | 2.75 | min-max: 0 - 15 | |||
| Anxiety and depression symptoms | 3.66 | 2.84 | min-max: 0 - 15 | |||
| Time-based indices | ||||||
| CTT 1 time | 54.10 | 21.90 | 36.03 | 14.47 | 5.64*** | 0.98 |
| CTT 2 time | 112.64 | 46.03 | 67.16 | 23.30 | 7.22*** | 1.26 |
| 2-1 difference | 58.54 | 32.05 | 31.13 | 18.42 | 6.09*** | 1.06 |
| 2/1 ratio | 2.17 | 0.60 | 1.96 | 0.60 | 1.97 | – |
| (2-1)/1 proportion | 1.17 | 0.60 | 0.96 | 0.60 | 1.97 | – |
| Error-based indices | ||||||
| CTT 1 number sequence errors | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.40 | -1.28 | – |
| CTT 1 near-misses | 0.21 | 0.59 | 0.24 | 0.50 | -0.32 | – |
| CTT 1 prompts | 0.19 | 0.70 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 1.48 | – |
| CTT 2 number sequence errors | 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.28 | – |
| CTT 2 color sequence errors | 0.33 | 0.59 | 0.12 | 0.37 | 2.46 | – |
| CTT 2 near-misses | 0.16 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.43 | -0.41 | – |
| CTT 2 prompts | 0.69 | 1.38 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 3.34** | 0.58 |
| Indices based on factor structure | ||||||
| Regression factor scores for Factor 1 | 0.44 | 1.19 | -0.44 | 0.47 | 5.60*** | 0.97 |
| Regression factor scores for Factor 2 | 0.15 | 1.00 | -0.15 | 0.98 | 1.78 | – |
| Regression factor scores for Factor 3 | -0.08 | 1.00 | 0.08 | 1.00 | -0.96 | – |
| Regression factor scores for Factor 4 | 0.21 | 1.08 | -0.21 | 0.87 | 2.52 | – |
PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Regression factor scores means with 95% confidence intervals for Factor 1, Factor 2, Factor 3, and Factor 4.
**p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001.