Table 4.

Key adverse cardiovascular effects and potential clinical impact of electronic vaping cigarettes and heat-not-burn cigarettes

Effect	Potential impact
↑ Arrhythmic risk	Lipothymia, loss of consciousness, syncope, weakness
↑ Arterial stiffness	Ischemia
↑ Blood pressure	Atherothrombosis, myocardial hypertrophy, renal failure
↑ Heart rate	Myocardial ischemia
↑ Oxidative stress	Atherothrombosis, diabetes
↑ Platelet aggregation	Atherothrombosis
↓ Cardiomyocyte function	Decline in left ventricular systolic function
↓ Flow-mediated dilation	Ischemia
↓ Left anterior descending flow reserve	Myocardial ischemia
↓ Vasodilation	Systemic hypertension