Table 2.

Select new FDA-approved antibiotics on the market in the USA since year 2017 Google Scholar and Medscape Search [25–27]

Drug class	Names and notes	Indications	Select side effects	Comments
Aminomethylcyclines	Omadacycline	Skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia caused by Gram-positive pathogens including MRSA, S. pneumonia and VRE, some Gram negatives, Fragilis, Legionella, and Chlamydia	Similar to newer tetracyclines such as doxycycline	In trials for pneumonia treatment mortality rate was higher in omadacycline group
Tetracyclines	Sarecycline	Approved for treatment of acne vulgaris.	Similar to newer tetracyclines such as doxycycline
Tetracyclines	Eravacycline	Complicated intraabdominal infections have broad-spectrum activity for treatment of Gram+ and Gram− intraabdominal infections	Infusion site reaction, tetracycline class adverse reactions	Related to tigecycline. Not approved for urinary tract infections
Aminoglycoside	Plazomicin	Complicated UTI and ventilator-associated pneumonia [28] caused by Gram-negative pathogens when no other treatment option exists	Acute kidney injury, especially in patients with renal disease. Aminoglycoside class adverse reaction including at times irreversible ototoxicity, especially in patients with family history of hearing problems and neuromuscular blockade, especially in patients with preexisting neuromuscular disorders
Nitroimidazole	Pretomanid	Limited patient populations with extensively drug resistant or non-responsive with multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis infection only in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid	Hepatotoxicity, myelosuppression, neurotoxicity, QT prolongation, lactic acidosis, multiple drug-drug interactions
Fluoroquinolones	Delafloxacin [29]	Broad spectrum including MRSA, other Gram positives and Gram negatives for skin and soft tissue infections	Carries the same black box warning as other fluoroquinolones, appears to have less QTc prolongation compared to other fluoroquinolones
Rifamycins	Rifamycin	Traveler’s diarrhea caused by noninvasive E. coli in adults	Dyspepsia; generally low risk of side effects	Not for patient with diarrhea associated with fever or bloody stools
Nitroimidazole	Secnidazole	Treatment of bacterial vaginosis	Candidal vulvovaginitis	Single-dose treatment
Carbapenem with β lactam inhibitor	Meropenem/vaborbactam	Complicated UTIs caused by Gram-negative organisms	Risk of seizures with meropenem in patients with CNS disorders, reduced valproic acid serum concentration
Cephalosporin	Cefideracol [30]	Complicated UTIs caused by MDR Gram negatives with no other option, has been used for treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia [28]		Increased mortality in critically ill patient with pneumonia or sepsis with carbapenem-resistant pathogens observed
Pleuromutilin	Lefamulin	Community-acquired pneumonia, active against S. pneumonia, H. flu, Legionella, C. pneumonia, MSSA, mycoplasma	Potential for QT prolongation, fetal toxicity, multiple drug-drug interactions	Oral and injectable formulations are available
Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam	Carbapenem/dehydropeptidase inhibitor/B-lactamase inhibitor	Complicated UTIs and intraabdominal infection in patients where no alternative treatment is available	Risk of seizures with carbapenem antibiotics in patients with CNS disorders may decrease valproic acid serum concentrations

VRE vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, MDR multidrug resistant, MSSA methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus