Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with dementia or mild cognitive impairment.
| Variables | All participants (N=1086)a | High technophilia (N=591)b | Low technophilia (N=493)c | P value | Use apps to support memory (N=106)d | Do not use apps to support memory (N=877)e | P value | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 74.48 (7.24) | 74.32 (7.32) | 74.57 (7.16) | .72 | 70.22 (7.46) | 74.76 (7.11) | <.001 | |
| Gender, n (%) |
|
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
.29 | |
|
|
Female | 576 (53.0) | 276 (46.7) | 298 (60.4) |
|
51 (48.1) | 470 (53.6) |
|
|
|
Male | 510 (47.0) | 315 (53.3) | 195 (39.6) |
|
55 (51.9) | 407 (46.4) |
|
| Education level, n (%) |
|
|
|
.003 |
|
|
.03 | |
|
|
Elementary school | 653 (60.4) |
331 (56.3) | 320 (65.2) |
|
55 (51.9) | 527 (60.4) |
|
|
|
Secondary school | 225 (20.8) | 126 (21.4) | 99 (20.2) |
|
21 (19.8) | 190 (21.8) |
|
|
|
Higher education | 203 (18.8) | 131 (22.2) | 72 (14.7) |
|
30 (28.3) | 155 (17.8) |
|
| Marital status, n (%) |
|
|
|
.06 |
|
|
.06 | |
|
|
Unmarried | 41 (3.8) | 20 (3.4) | 21 (4.3) |
|
6 (5.7) | 31 (3.5) |
|
|
|
Married | 697 (64.2) | 377 (43.9) | 320 (64.9) |
|
75 (70.8) | 555 (63.4) |
|
|
|
Common law partner | 44 (4.1) | 33 (5.6) | 11 (2.2) |
|
7 (6.6) | 35 (4.0) |
|
|
|
Divorced | 58 (5.3) | 34 (5.8) | 24 (4.9) |
|
5 (4.7) | 49 (5.6) |
|
|
|
Widowed | 245 (22.6) | 126 (21.4) | 117 (23.7) |
|
13 (12.3) | 206 (23.5) |
|
| Living arrangement, n (%) |
|
|
|
.22 |
|
|
.05 | |
|
|
Single | 222 (20.6) | 109 (18.6) | 113 (23.1) |
|
19 (17.9) | 177 (20.4) |
|
|
|
Spouse/partner | 686 (63.6) |
385 (65.7) | 301 (61.6) |
|
73 (68.9) | 549 (63.2) |
|
|
|
Children | 97 (9.0) | 57 (9.7) | 40 (8.2) |
|
3 (2.8) | 85 (9.8) |
|
|
|
Other | 73 (6.8) | 36 (6.1) | 35 (7.2) |
|
11 (10.4) | 58 (6.7) |
|
| Country of residence, n (%) |
|
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
.12 | |
|
|
Sweden | 345 (31.8) | 231 (39.1) | 114 (23.1) |
|
39 (36.8) | 258 (29.4) |
|
|
|
Spain | 741 (68.2) | 360 (60.9) | 379 (76.9) |
|
67 (63.2) | 619 (70.6) |
|
| Diagnosis of dementia, n (%) |
|
|
|
.73 |
|
|
.007 | |
|
|
Yes | 299 (28.5) | 165 (28.8) | 132 (27.8) |
|
87 (82.9) | 594 (70.2) |
|
|
|
No | 750 (71.5) | 408 (71.2) | 342 (72.2) |
|
18 (17.1) | 252 (29.8) |
|
| Diagnosis of other medical condition, n (%) |
|
|
|
.04 |
|
|
.96 | |
|
|
Yes | 267 (24.6) | 431 (72.9) | 386 (78.3) |
|
26 (24.5) | 213 (24.3) |
|
|
|
No | 819 (75.4) | 160 (27.1) | 107 (21.7) |
|
80 (75.5) | 664 (75.7) |
|
| Cognitive Status (MMSEf), mean (SD) |
25.41 (2.48) | 25.51 (2.53) | 25.32 (2.40) | .05 | 25.97 (2.05) | 25.30 (2.56) | .03 | |
| Depression (GDS-15g), mean (SD) | 3.03 (2.84) | 2.47 (2.53) | 3.70 (3.05) | <.001 | 3.06 (3.01) | 3.11 (2.84) | .53 | |
| Instrumental activities (IADLh), mean (SD) | 0.87 (0.19) | 0.87 (0.20) |
0.86 (0.19) | .07 | 0.91 (0.17) | 0.86 (0.19) | .008 | |
| Quality of life (QoL-ADi), mean (SD) | 36.08 (6.52) | 37.67 (6.31) | 34.21 (6.27) | <.001 | 36.93 (7.32) | 36.00 (6.49) | .21 | |
| Quality of life (EQ5Dj), mean (SD) | 0.75 (0.22) | 0.78 (0.22) | 0.72 (0.22) | <.001 | 0.69 (0.25) | 0.75 (0.22) | .08 | |
| Health State thermometer, mean (SD) | 69.45 (19.60) | 72.98 (18.70) | 65.27 (19.88) | <.001 | 70.67 (19.03) | 69.22 (19.80) | .43 | |
aEducation level N=1081; Living arrangement N=1078; Marital status N=1085; Diagnosis of dementia N=1049.
bEducation level N=588; Marital status N=590; Living arrangement N=586; Diagnosis of dementia N=573.
cEducation level N=491; Living arrangement N=489; Diagnosis of dementia N=474.
dDiagnosis of dementia N=105.
eEducation level N=872; Marital status N=876; Living arrangement N=869; Diagnosis of dementia N=846.
fMMSE: Mini Mental State Examination.
gGDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale.
hIADL: Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.
iQoL-AD: Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease.
jEQ5D: EuroQoL-5D-3L.