Table 4. Selected Studies on PEC CO2 Conversion.
| Photocathode–Dark Anode | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cathode | anode | illumination conditions | electrolyte | potential and current density | products | FE (%) | SFE (%) | maximum test time (h) | ref |
| Bi Nanosheets | Graphite | 1 Sun | NaHCO3 | –1.1 V vs RHE, 18 mA cm–2 | HCOOH | ∼100 | 1.5 | 12 | (105) |
| In0.4Bi0.6/MAPbI3 | Pt | 1 Sun | KHCO3 | –0.6 V vs RHE, ∼5.5 mA cm–2 | HCOOH | ∼100 | 1.5 | (106) | |
| TiO2-protected Cu2O–Re(tBu-bipy)(CO)3Cl | Pt | Xe lamp with KG 3 and AM 1.5 G filters | Re(tBu-bipy)(CO)3Cl and MeOH | –1.73 V vs Fc+/Fc, ∼1.5 mA cm–2 | CO | ∼100 | 5.5 | (107) | |
| Li-doped CuFeO2 | Graphite | 1 Sun | pyridine acetate buffer | –0.63 V vs SCE, ∼0.6 mA cm–2 | CH3OH | 96.7 | 1.5 | (108) | |
| CuFeO2/CuO | Pt | 1 Sun | KHCO3 | 0.15 V vs RHE, ∼1.5 mA cm–2 | HCOOH | >90 | 1–1.2 | 7 days | (109) |
| Photoanode–Dark Cathode | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cathode | anode | illumination condition | electrolyte | potential and current density | products | FE (%) | SFE (%) | maximum test time (h) | ref |
| Pd/C-coated Ti mesh | GaAs/InGaP/TiO2/NiOx | 1 Sun | Anolyte: KOH; catholyte: KHCO3 | Cathode: ∼−0.8 V vs Ag/AgCl, 8.5 mA cm–2 | HCOOH | >94 | ∼10 | 3 | (9) |