Table 1.
Baseline characteristic of participants according to different BP patterns diagnosed by criterion A
| Total (N = 1714) (N = 1714) |
NT (N = 672) (N = 672) |
WCH (N = 81) (N = 83) |
MH (N = 529) (N = 538) |
SH (N = 432) (N = 435) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 48.9 ± 13.8 | 46.7 ± 14.4 | 53.1 ± 14.4a | 49.9 ± 12.8ab | 50.0 ± 13.3ab | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 974 (56.8%) | 321 (47.8%) | 38 (46.9%) | 318 (60.1%)ab | 297 (68.8%)abc | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.9 | 23.9 ± 3.6 | 25.0 ± 4.0a | 24.8 ± 3.8a | 25.6 ± 4.1ac | < 0.001 |
| Smokers, n (%) | 623 (36.8%) | 188 (28.2%) | 24 (30.8%) | 213 (40.7%)a | 198 (46.7%)abc | < 0.001 |
| DM, n (%) | 366 (24.7%) | 94 (16.5%) | 18 (26.1%)a | 123 (26.9%)a | 131 (34.2%)abc | < 0.001 |
| CVD history, n (%) | 155 (9.0%) | 41 (6.1%) | 12 (14.8%) | 55 (10.4%) | 47 (10.9%) | 0.004 |
| Anti-hypertension, n (%) treatment | 1245 (76.7%) | 380 (61.8%) | 66 (85.7%)a | 422 (81.8%)a | 377 (90.8%)ac | < 0.001 |
| Causes of CKD* | < 0.001 | |||||
| DKD | 212 (12.4%) | 35 (5.2%) | 11 (13.6%)a | 73 (13.8%)a | 93 (21.5%)abc | |
| GN | 1048 (61.1%) | 489 (72.8%) | 40 (49.4%)a | 313 (59.2%)a | 206 (47.7%)ac | |
| Others | 442 (25.8%) | 144 (21.4%) | 29 (35.8%)a | 140 (26.5%) | 129 (29.9%)a | |
| ALB (g/L) | 38.3 ± 7.4 | 38.7 ± 7.2 | 39.4 ± 5.2 | 38.2 ± 7.6 | 37.7 ± 7.9a | 0.1 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 4.9 (4.4, 5.6) | 4.8 (4.3, 5.4) | 5.0 (4.5, 5.5) | 4.9 (4.4, 5.7)a | 5.0 (4.5, 5.9)a | 0.004 |
| HGB (g/L) | 126.5 ± 22.4 | 127.7 ± 19.55 | 121.9 ± 22.2a | 126.3 ± 24.2 | 125.7 ± 24.5 | 0.1 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.5) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.4) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.6)a | 1.9 (1.3, 2.6)a | 0.004 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.7 (3.9, 5.7) | 4.7 (3.9, 5.7) | 4.6 (3.8, 5.5) | 4.7 (3.9, 5.6) | 4.7 (3.9, 5.7) | 0.8 |
| HDLC (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.3)a | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2)a | 0.001 |
| LDLC (mmol/L) | 2.6 (2.1, 3.2) | 2.6 (2.1, 3.2) | 2.6 (2.1, 3.2) | 2.5 (2.1, 3.2) | 2.7 (2.2, 3.3) | 0.5 |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 98 (141, 198) | 116.0 (80.0, 164.2) | 153.0 (106.7, 218.4)a | 151.0 (108.0, 204.5)a | 167.0 (122.0, 243.2)ac | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 52.2 ± 30.1 | 62.9 ± 32.7 | 43.3 ± 24.3a | 48.2 ± 28.2a | 42.2 ± 23.3ac | < 0.001 |
| 24 h-Upro (g/L) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.4) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.9)a | 1.1 (0.4, 2.5)a | 1.8 (0.8, 3.5)abc | < 0.001 |
| CKD stages, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| 1 | 256 (14.9%) | 174 (25.9%) | 5 (6.2%)a | 55 (10.4%)a | 22 (5.1%)ac | |
| 2 | 305 (17.8%) | 144 (21.4%) | 11 (13.6%) | 90 (17.0%) | 60 (13.9%)a | |
| 3 | 676 (39.5%) | 228 (33.9%) | 36 (44.4%) | 220 (41.6%)a | 192 (44.5%)a | |
| 4 | 477 (27.8%) | 126 (18.8%) | 29 (35.8%)a | 164 (31.0%)a | 158 (36.6%)a | |
BP blood pressure, NT normal BP, WCH white-coat hypertension, MH masked hypertension, SH sustained hypertension, BMI Body mass index, GN glomerulonephritis, DKD diabetic kidney disease, ALB serum albumin, FBG fasting blood glucose, DM diabetes mellitus, HGB hemoglobin, TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, HDLC high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDLC low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Cr creatinine, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, 24 h-Upro 24-hour urinary protein, CKD chronic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease
Missing counts: BMI 4, ALB 243, smoker 22, CVD history 7, antihypertension treatment: 91, Causes of CKD 12, DM 273, FBG 271, HGB 109, TG 311, TC 311, HDLC 352, LDLC 351, and 24 h-Upro 90
* The diagnosis was made mainly basing on medical history and clinical features, with only 578 patients having renal biopsy confirmation. Among them, 513 patients were diagnosed as GN. IgAN constituted the majority of GN group (54.2%), following by mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (32.2%) and membranous nephropathy (10.5%). Others group included hypertensive nephropathy, tubulointerstitial nephritis, and cause unknown etc
aP < 0.05 comparison with NT
bP < 0.05 comparison with WCH
cP < 0.05 comparison with MH