. 2020 Jun 15;19:88. doi: 10.1186/s12933-020-01055-y

Table 2.

Echocardiographic characteristics of the study population according to glucose metabolism status

Variable	NGM (n = 426)		Prediabetes (n = 142)		T2DM (n = 224)
Left atrium
LA volume index, ml/m²
Men	30.8 [26.6–34.9]		28.9 [25.0–34.7]		29.7 [25.2–34.5]
Women	28.6 [24.7–33.3]		28.6 [25.3–33.2]		26.3 [23.2–32.4]
LA volume, ml
Men	62.0 [53.3–72.4]		62.3 [50.9–72.9]		61.1 [52.4–72.0]
Women	50.9 [43.6–59.2]		52.9 [43.6–59.2]		51.3 [42.3–59.6]
Left ventricle, structure
LV end diastolic volume index, ml/m²
Men	68.5 ± 12.5		65.9 ± 11.8		63.0 ± 12.3^‡
Women	59.1 ± 10.6		58.1 ± 11.3		57.6 ± 11.9
LV end systolic volume index, ml/m²
Men	27.5 ± 6.1		26.7 ± 6.2		25.9 ± 6.3^†
Women	23.2 ± 4.6		23.0 ± 5.0		22.8 ± 5.3
LV mass index, gr/m^2.7
Men	29.5 [25.3–35.1]		31.5 [27.4–35.0]		32.8 [27.0–37.5]^‡
Women	27.3 [24.0–31.3]		31.1 [25.5–36.7]^‡		31.2 [27.1–34.7]^‡
Left ventricular function
Systolic LV function
LV ejection fraction, %	60.5 [58.8–62.4]		60.4 [58.8–62.0]		60.2 [57.8–61.7]^‡
TDI S’ septal (cm/s)^a	7.5 ± 1.4		7.3 ± 1.3		7.4 ± 1.7
TDI S’ lateral (cm/s)^b	8.8 ± 2.0		8.8 ± 2.1		8.2 ± 2.0^‡
Diastolic LV function
Early peak velocity (m/s)	0.68 ± 0.15		0.66 ± 0.14		0.68 ± 0.15
Active peak velocity (m/s)^c	0.66 ± 0.15		0.72 ± 0.17^‡		0.75 ± 0.16^‡
E/A ratio^c	1.03 [0.85–1.26]		0.89 [0.75–1.08]^‡		0.89 [0.77–1.07]^‡
Deceleration time E-peak (msec)	191 ± 35		204 ± 38^‡		202 ± 37^‡
Isovolumetric relaxation time (msec)^d	94 ± 21		100 ± 24^‡		94 ± 22
S/D ratio^e	1.38 ± 0.32		1.45 ± 0.36^†		1.46 ± 0.31^‡
TDI E’ septal (cm/s)^b	8.3	± 2.2	7.1	± 1.7^‡	7.1	± 1.8^‡
TDI A’ septal (cm/s)^f	9.8 ± 1.8		9.8 ± 1.7		10.0 ± 1.9
TDI E’ lateral (cm/s)^g	10.7 ± 2.7		9.5 ± 2.5^‡		8.9 ± 2.2^‡
TDI A’ lateral (cm/s)^h	10.6 ± 2.5		11.1 ± 2.4^†		11.1 ± 2.3^†
E/E’-ratio averagedⁱ	7.3 [6.2–8.7]		8.0 [6.9–9.7]^‡		8.7 [7.6–10.1]^‡
Diastolic LV function (normal, indeterminate, abnormal, not specified), n (%)	175/183/42/26 (41.1/43.0/9.9/6.1)		30/79/23/10 (21.1/55.6/16.2/7.0)^‡		44/115/40/25 (19.6/51.3/17.9/11.2)^‡
Right atrium
RA volume index, ml/m²
Men	25.2 ± 7.2		22.1 ± 6.8^‡		21.7 ± 6.2^‡
Women	21.3 ± 6.0		19.7 ± 5.5		18.3 ± 5.3^‡
RA volume, ml
Men	48.1 [40.0–58.8]		43.4 [35.3–54.8]^‡		43.7 [36.7–51.9]^‡
Women	36.0 29.7–45.1		36.0 [28.6–40.7]		33.7 [28.0–40.2]^†
Right ventricle, structure
RV diameter
Men	41.3 ± 5.2		39.9 ± 5.3^†		39.8 ± 4.7^‡
Women	35.6 ± 4.7		35.8 ± 5.6		35.0 ± 4.2
RV length
Men	75.8 ± 7.5		75.8 ± 7.0		75.9 ± 7.2
Women	69.8 ± 6.6		70.3 ± 6.2		70.2 ± 7.3
Right ventricular function
Systolic RV function
S’ RV (cm/s)^j	12.8 ± 2.4		12.4 ± 2.2		12.4 ± 2.5
TAPSE (mm)^k	23.0 ± 2.9		22.0 ± 3.6		22.3 ± 4.4
Diastolic RV function
E-peak velocity tricuspid flow (m/s)^l	0.46 ± 0.09		0.44 ± 0.09		0.44 ± 0.08
A-peak velocity tricuspid flow (m/s)^m	0.35 ± 0.10		0.41 ± 0.07^†		0.41 ± 0.09^‡
E/A ratio tricuspid valve^m	1.30 [1.12–1.58]		1.10 [0.91–1.22]^‡		1.10 [0.90–1.26]^‡
TDI E’ RV (cm/s)ⁿ	11.9 ± 2.7		10.4 ± 2.7^‡		10.5 ± 2.7^‡
TDI A’ RV (cm/s)^o	14.6 ± 3.5		13.9 ± 3.1^†		14.1 ± 3.4
E/E′-ratio^k	4.3 [3.6–5.0]		4.8 [4.1–5.7]		4.6 [3.4–5.9]
Global RV function
Myocardial performance index RV^p	0.47 ± 0.12		0.47 ± 0.12		0.48 ± 0.11
Maximum tricuspid gradient	15.8 ± 6.2		14.7 ± 7.6		14.9 ± 7.2
Wall motion abnormalities, n yes (%)^q	2 (0.5)		2 (1.4)		5 (2.3)^†
Valvular dysfunction (moderate or severe), n (%)	28 (6.6)		8 (5.6)		13 (5.8)

Data are presented as n (%), mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range)

LA left atrial, LV left ventricular, TDI tissue Doppler imaging, RA right atrial, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RV right ventricular

Numbers of missing data (if n > 10); ^a n = 62; ^b n = 63; ^c n = 14; ^d n = 26; ^e n = 22; ^f n = 72; ^g n = 64; ^h n = 73; ⁱ n = 67; ^j n = 70; ^k n = 645; ^l n = 644; ^m n = 647; ⁿ n = 71; ^o n = 80; ^p n = 74; ^q n = 15

P value difference prediabetes or T2DM vs NGM: * < 0.10, ^† < 0.05, ^‡ < 0.01