Table 3.
Multivariable adjusted differences of right ventricle structure and function between individuals with (pre)diabetes, as compared to individuals with normal glucose metabolism
| Variable | Model | NGM | Prediabetes | T2DM | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | ||||
| Right atrium | |||||
| RA volume index (SD)a | 1 | Ref | − 0.39 (− 0.58; − 0.21)‡ | − 0.52 (− 0.68; − 0.36)‡ | < 0.01 |
| 2 | Ref | − 0.32 (− 0.51; − 0.13)‡ | − 0.39 (− 0.57; − 0.21)‡ | < 0.01 | |
| 3 | Ref | − 0.26 (− 0.45; − 0.07)‡ | − 0.29 (− 0.48; − 0.09)‡ | < 0.01 | |
| Right ventricle, structure | |||||
| RV diameter (SD)a | 1 | Ref | − 0.12 (− 0.31; 0.08) | − 0.20 (− 0.37; − 0.04)† | 0.02 |
| 2 | Ref | − 0.29 (− 0.49; − 0.09)‡ | − 0.49 (− 0.68; − 0.30)‡ | < 0.01 | |
| 3 | Ref | − 0.27 (− 0.47; − 0.07)‡ | − 0.44 (− 0.65; − 0.24)‡ | < 0.01 | |
| RV length (SD)a | 1 | Ref | 0.15 (− 0.04; 0.34) | 0.15 (− 0.01; 0.32) * | 0.06 |
| 2 | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.22; 0.17) | − 0.15 (− 0.33; 0.04) | 0.13 | |
| 3 | Ref | − 0.04 (− 0.24; 0.15) | − 0.22 (− 0.42; − 0.02)† | 0.04 | |
| Systolic RV function | |||||
| S’ RV (SD)b | 1 | Ref | − 0.18 (− 0.37; 0.02) * | − 0.26 (− 0.44; − 0.09)‡ | < 0.01 |
| 2 | Ref | − 0.21 (− 0.41; 0.00)† | − 0.30 (− 0.50; − 0.10)‡ | < 0.01 | |
| 3 | Ref | − 0.19 (− 0.39; 0.02) * | − 0.29 (− 0.51; − 0.07)‡ | 0.01 | |
| Diastolic RV function | |||||
| TDI E’ RV (SD)b | 1 | Ref | − 0.31 (− 0.50; − 0.11)‡ | − 0.36 (− 0.53; − 0.18)‡ | < 0.01 |
| 2 | Ref | − 0.30 (− 0.50; − 0.10)‡ | − 0.31 (− 0.51; − 0.11)‡ | < 0.01 | |
| 3 | Ref | − 0.26 (− 0.47; − 0.06)† | − 0.26 (− 0.48; − 0.05)† | 0.01 | |
| TDI A’ RV (SD)b | 1 | Ref | − 0.32 (− 0.51; − 0.13)‡ | − 0.29 (− 0.46; − 0.12)‡ | < 0.01 |
| 2 | Ref | − 0.29 (− 0.49; − 0.10)‡ | − 0.23 (− 0.42; − 0.10)‡ | 0.01 | |
| 3 | Ref | − 0.26 (− 0.46; − 0.07)‡ | − 0.20 (− 0.41; 0.01) * | 0.04 | |
| TDI E′/A′ ratio (SD)b | 1 | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.19; 0.15) | − 0.07 (− 0.22; 0.08) | 0.39 |
| 2 | Ref | − 0.03 (− 0.20; 0.15) | − 0.08 (− 0.25; 0.09) | 0.35 | |
| 3 | Ref | − 0.02 (− 0.19; 0.16) | − 0.07 (− 0.25; 0.12) | 0.50 | |
| Global RV function | |||||
| Myocardial performance index RV (SD)b | 1 | Ref | − 0.04 (− 0.23; 0.16) | − 0.04 (− 0.21; 0.13) | 0.63 |
| 2 | Ref | − 0.06 (− 0.26; 0.15) | − 0.09 (− 0.29; 0.12) | 0.40 | |
| 3 | Ref | − 0.10 (− 0.31; 0.11) | − 0.17 (− 0.39; 0.05) | 0.12 | |
Model 1: adjusted for age. Model 2: adjusted for model 1 + office systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, smoking status, prior cardiovascular disease, waist circumference. Model 3: adjusted for model 2 + albuminuria, eGFR, total to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, the use of lipid-modifying medication
CI confidence interval, NGM normal glucose metabolism, RA right atrial, RV right ventricular, SD standard deviation, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, TDI tissue Doppler imaging
Study population a n = 792, b n = 748
P value difference prediabetes or T2DM vs NGM: * < 0.10, † < 0.05,‡ < 0.01