Table 2.

Adjusted associations of maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI with infant anthropometry at birth, 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months of age among mother–infant dyads

Time Point	Mean ± SE		β (95% CI)	Per 1 SD (6.4 kg/m2) BMIc
	NW (n = 22)	OW/OB (n = 30)	OW/OB vs. NW
Birth a
WFA z‐score	0.41 ± 0.17	0.52 ± 0.15	0.11 [‐0.31, 0.54]	0.03 [‐0.19, 0.24]
WFL z‐score	−1.48 ± 0.24	−0.53 ± 0.21	0.95 [0.34, 1.56]	0.40 [0.09, 0.71]
BMI z‐score	−0.79 ± 0.20	−0.23 ± 0.17	0.56 [0.05, 1.06]	0.24 [−0.02, 0.49]
LFA z‐score	1.51 ± 0.23	1.02 ± 0.19	−0.50 [−1.06, 0.07]	−0.24 [−0.52, 0.05]
HCA z‐score	0.49 ± 0.21	0.20 ± 0.18	−0.29 [−0.81, 0.24]	−0.08 [−0.34, 0.19]
2 weeks of age b
WFA z‐score	−0.01 ± 0.31	−0.27 ± 0.25	−0.26 [−0.64, 0.13]	−0.05 [−0.26, 0.14]
WFL z‐score	−0.94 ± 0.43	−0.88 ± 0.35	0.07 [−0.49, 0.63]	−0.07 [−0.36, 0.22]
BMI z‐score	−0.56 ± 0.39	−0.58 ± 0.32	−0.02 [−0.52, 0.47]	0.06 [−0.20, 0.32]
LFA z‐score	0.74 ± 0.47	0.44 ± 0.38	−0.30 [−0.88, 0.29]	−0.05 [−0.37, 0.26]
HCA z‐score	0.78 ± 0.47	0.38 ± 0.38	−0.40 [−0.99, 0.19]	−0.21 [−0.53, 0.11]
2 months of age b
WFA z‐score	−0.43 ± 0.23	−0.43 ± 0.17	0.00 [−0.35, 0.35]	0.08 [−0.10, 0.25]
WFL z‐score	−0.59 ± 0.42	−0.77 ± 0.31	−0.18 [−0.86, 0.50]	0.03 [−0.30, 0.37]
BMI z‐score	−0.60 ± 0.35	−0.79 ± 0.26	−0.19 [−0.74, 0.36]	0.03 [−0.25, 0.30]
LFA z‐score	−0.05 ± 0.29	0.23 ± 0.22	0.28 [−0.17, 0.74]	0.12 [−0.11, 0.35]
HCA z‐score	0.14 ± 0.38	0.20 ± 0.28	0.06 [−0.52, 0.65]	0.05 [−0.25, 0.35]
6 months of age b
WFA z‐score	0.45 ± 0.30	0.34 ± 0.23	−0.11 [−0.59, 0.37]	0.11 [−0.14, 0.36]
WFL z‐score	−0.09 ± 0.33	−0.19 ± 0.25	−0.11 [−0.67, 0.45]	0.12 [−0.16, 0.41]
BMI z‐score	−0.18 ± 0.33	−0.30 ± 0.24	−0.13 [−0.67, 0.42]	0.10 [−0.17, 0.38]
LFA z‐score	0.79 ± 0.41	0.97 ± 0.31	0.17 [−0.50, 0.85]	0.17 [−0.18, 0.52]
HCA z‐score	−1.01 ± 2.69	1.54 ± 2.01	2.55 [−1.80, 6.90]	2.04 [−0.17, 4.25]

Note. Bolded font indicates statistical significance at p < .05 based on a Wald Chi‐squared test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HCA, head circumference‐for‐age; LFA, length‐for‐age; NW, mothers with normal weight; OW/OB, mothers with overweight or obesity; WFA, weight‐for‐age; WFL, weight‐for‐length.

^aEstimates are adjusted for infant sex.

^bEstimates are adjusted for infant sex, anthropometric indicator of interest at birth, and feeding preference at the time of anthropometric assessment.

^cAll estimates are multiplied by 1‐standard deviation of pre‐pregnancy BMI (6.4 kg/m²) for population‐level relevance.