Table 5.

Associations of human milk composition near 2 weeks postpartum with change in offspring WFAZ, WFLZ, BMIZ, LFAZ, and HCAZ between 2 weeks and 2 months, and 2 weeks and 6 months of age

Milk Composition Component	WFAZ		WFLZ		BMIZ		LFAZ		HCAZ
	Difference (β [95% CI]) in Δanthropometry in offspring between two weeks and two months of age
	Any feeding preference	EHM feeding preference	Any feeding preference	EHM feeding preference	Any feeding preference	EHM feeding preference	Any feeding preference	EHM feeding preference	Any feeding preference	EHM feeding preference
Macronutrients (AFP n = 29, EHM n = 21)
Fat	0.06 [−0.17, 0.30]	0.27 [0.05, 0.50]	−0.01 [−0.39, 0.37]	0.35 [−0.07, 0.77]	0.08 [−0.43, 0.28]	0.20 [−0.21, 0.61]	0.12 [−0.09, 0.33]	0.09 [−0.16, 0.35]	−0.13 [−0.41, 0.14]	−0.02 [−0.36, 0.33]
Protein	0.43 [−0.31, 1.17]	0.27 [−0.41, 0.95]	0.77 [−0.43, 1.97]	0.58 [−0.62, 1.77]	0.65 [−0.48, 1.78]	0.40 [−0.73, 1.53]	−0.05 [−0.74, 0.65]	−0.06 [−0.77, 0.64]	−0.05 [−0.97, 0.86]	−0.15 [−1.09, 0.80]
Carbohydrate	0.17 [−0.40, 0.74]	0.08 [−0.69, 0.86]	−0.26 [−1.19, 0.68]	0.14 [−1.23, 1.50]	−0.02 [−0.89, 0.86]	0.26 [−1.01, 1.53]	0.38 [−0.12, 0.90]	−0.11 [−0.90, 0.68]	0.00 [−0.71, 0.71]	−0.42 [−1.51, 0.67]
Lipids (AFP n = 31, EHM n = 23)
Factor 1	−0.06 [−0.26, 0.13]	0.04 [−0.19, 0.26]	0.02 [−0.35, 0.39]	0.38 [0.01, 0.75]	−0.03 [−0.34, 0.29]	0.21 [−0.15, 0.57]	−0.12 [−0.33, 0.09]	−0.30 [−0.52, −0.08]	−0.21 [−0.47, 0.05]	−0.32 [−0.60, −0.03]
Factor 2	0.15 [−0.05, 0.34]	0.13 [−0.06, 0.33]	0.28 [−0.09, 0.64]	0.22 [−0.14, 0.58]	0.24 [−0.07, 0.56]	0.20 [−0.13, 0.53]	−0.05 [−0.27, 0.18]	−0.02 [−0.25, 0.22]	0.28 [0.02, 0.54]	0.22 [−0.05, 0.49]
Factor 3	−0.11 [−0.31, 0.09]	−0.03 [−0.26, 0.20]	−0.11 [−0.49, 0.27]	0.11 [−0.30, 0.53]	−0.31 [−0.62, −0.00]	−0.28 [−0.65, 0.08]	0.03 [−0.19, 0.26]	0.02 [−0.23, 0.29]	−0.10 [−0.37, 0.17]	0.07 [−0.24, 0.38]
Factor 4	−0.10 [−0.29, 0.10]	−0.05 [−0.24, 0.14]	−0.15 [−0.52, 0.21]	−0.07 [−0.42, 0.28]	−0.05 [−0.37, 0.26]	0.01 [−0.31, 0.33]	−0.02 [−0.24, 0.19]	−0.03 [−0.25, 0.18]	−0.13 [−0.40, 0.14]	−0.03 [−0.30, 0.25]
Factor 5	−0.03 [−0.23, 0.16]	−0.07 [−0.28, 0.14]	0.27 [−0.09, 0.63]	0.14 [−0.24, 0.51]	0.20 [−0.11, 0.51]	0.12 [−0.22, 0.47]	−0.29 [−0.48, −0.10]	−0.24 [−0.45, −0.02]	0.04 [−0.22, 0.31]	−0.06 [−0.35, 0.22]
N6:N3 PUFA	0.03 [−0.03, 0.09]	0.01 [−0.07, 0.09]	0.08 [−0.04, 0.20]	−0.01 [−0.15, 0.13]	0.06 [−0.05, 0.16]	0.00 [−0.13, 0.13]	−0.02 [−0.09, 0.05]	0.02 [−0.07, 0.10]	0.04 [−0.05, 0.13]	−0.04 [−0.15, 0.08]
Metabolic components (AFP n = 28, EHM n = 28)
Insulin (mU/L)	0.01 [−0.01, 0.02]	0.01 [−0.01, 0.02]	0.00 [−0.02, 0.02]	−0.01 [−0.03, 0.02]	0.00 [−0.02, 0.02]	0.00 [−0.03, 0.02]	0.01 [−0.00, 0.02]	0.01 [0.00, 0.03]	0.02 [0.00, 0.03]	0.01 [−0.01, 0.03]
Difference (β [95% CI]) in Δanthropometry in offspring between two weeks and six months of age
Macronutrients (AFP n = 26, EHM n = 19)
Fat	−0.03 [−0.37, 0.32]	0.28 [−0.13, 0.69]	−0.06 [−0.49, 0.38]	0.34 [−0.18, 0.86]	−0.11 [−0.50, 0.28]	0.22 [−0.27, 0.71]	−0.01 [−0.35, 0.33]	0.05 [−0.39, 0.49]	−2.18 [−5.26, 0.89]	0.06 [−0.38, 0.49]
Protein	0.42 [−0.67, 1.52]	0.17 [−0.92, 1.27]	1.29 [−0.01, 2.58]	1.16 [−0.12, 2.45]	0.91 [−0.29, 2.10]	0.69 [−0.56, 1.95]	−0.42 [−1.49, 0.65]	−0.66 [−1.76, 0.45]	2.80 [−7.34, 12.95]	−0.30 [−1.41, 0.83]
Carbohydrate	0.40 [−0.43, 1.23]	0.14 [−1.08, 1.36]	−0.12 [−1.18, 0.94]	−0.31 [−1.85, 1.22]	0.10 [−0.85, 1.06]	−0.07 [−1.51, 1.36]	0.66 [−0.13, 1.45]	0.46 [−0.80, 1.72]	2.00 [−5.97, 9.97]	−0.41 [−1.71, 0.90]
Lipids (AFP n = 28, EHM n = 21)
Factor 1	−0.17 [−0.51, 0.17]	−0.18 [−0.55, 0.19]	−0.17 [−0.61, 0.27]	0.05 [−0.42, 0.52]	−0.13 [−0.53, 0.26]	−0.05 [−0.49, 0.39]	−0.17 [−0.51, 0.17]	−0.35 [−0.72, 0.01]	−0.24 [−0.59, 0.10]	−0.47 [−0.81, −0.13]
Factor 2	−0.06 [−0.43, 0.30]	−0.18 [−0.54, 0.17]	−0.03[−0.50, 0.44]	−0.26 [−0.70, 0.18]	0.02 [−0.40, 0.43]	−0.16 [−0.58, 0.26]	−0.09 [−0.46, 0.27]	−0.07 [−0.45, 0.31]	0.19 [−0.18, 0.55]	0.16 [−0.21, 0.53]
Factor 3	−0.07 [−0.39, 0.25]	0.08 [−0.28, 0.44]	−0.11 [−0.52, 0.31]	0.14 [−0.31, 0.58]	−0.28 [−0.63, 0.07]	−0.24 [−0.65, 0.17]	0.07 [−0.25, 0.39]	0.16 [−0.21, 0.53]	−0.14 [−0.46, 0.17]	0.00 [−0.36, 0.36]
Factor 4	−0.60 [−1.08, −0.12]	−0.47 [−0.96, 0.01]	−0.60 [−1.24, 0.03]	−0.36 [−0.99, 0.27]	−0.38 [−0.96, 0.21]	−0.22 [−0.82, 0.38]	−0.35 [−0.86, 0.16]	−0.34 [−0.87, 0.19]	−0.14 [−0.70, 0.42]	0.05 [−0.53, 0.63]
Factor 5	0.06 [−0.28, 0.40]	−0.02 [−0.39, 0.35]	0.40 [−0.01, 0.81]	0.27 [−0.18, 0.71]	0.33 [−0.04, 0.70]	0.24 [−0.18, 0.65]	−0.30 [−0.62, 0.02]	−0.31 [−0.67, 0.05]	−0.08 [−0.41, 0.26]	−0.12 [−0.49, 0.24]
N6:N3 PUFA	0.13 [0.03, 0.22]	0.10 [−0.02, 0.22]	0.18 [0.06, 0.31]	0.12 [−0.04, 0.27]	0.16 [0.05, 0.27]	0.12 [−0.02, 0.26]	0.01 [−0.10, 0.12]	0.02 [−0.12, 0.15]	0.03 [−0.08, 0.14]	−0.02 [−0.16, 0.12]
Metabolic components (AFP n = 25, EHM n = 18)
Insulin (mU/L)	0.02 [0.00, 0.04]	0.01 [−0.02, 0.03]	0.02 [−0.01, 0.04]	0.00 [−0.03, 0.03]	0.02 [−0.00, 0.04]	0.00 [−0.02, 0.03]	0.01 [−0.01, 0.03]	0.01 [−0.02, 0.03]	0.02 [−0.00, 0.04]	0.01 [−0.02, 0.04]

Notes. Estimates are adjusted for infant sex. Bolded font indicates statistical significance at p < .05 based on a Wald Chi‐square test. Any feeding preference (AFP) includes infants receiving a degree of human milk at 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months. Exclusive human milk (EHM) feeding preference includes infants receiving only human milk at 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months.

Abbreviations: Δ, change; BMIZ, body mass index z‐score; CI, confidence interval; LFAZ, length‐for‐age z‐score; HCAZ, head circumference‐for‐age z‐score; N6:N3 LC‐PUFA, N6:N3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; WFAZ, weight‐for‐age z‐score; WFLZ, weight‐for‐length z‐score.