Table 3.
Prevalence of different forms of malnutrition and trends among mothers (20–49 years) in urban India, DHS‐3 (2005‐2006) and DHS‐4 (2015‐2016)a
| Wealth quartile N | DHS‐3 | DHS‐4 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (poor) | 2 | 3 | 4 (richest) | AVG | 1 (poor) | 2 | 3 | 4 (richest) | AVG | |
| 1,387 | 1,380 | 1,404 | 1,287 | 5,458 | 6,321 | 5,198 | 4,776 | 4,581 | 2,0876 | |
| n (% [CI]) | n (% [CI]) | n (% [CI]) | n (% [CI]) | n (% [CI]) | n (% [CI]) | n (% [CI]) | n (% [CI]) | n (% [CI]) | n (% [CI]) | |
| Short stature (Height < 145 cm) | 202 (14.5 [12.1, 17.4]) | 132 (10.8 [8.6, 13.4]) | 107 (7.3 [5.6, 9.4]) | 44 (3.8 [2.5, 5.6]) | 485 (9.5 [8.4, 10.70]) | 787 (12.8 [11.3, 14.5]) | 425 (9.9 [8.2, 11.9]) | 232 (6.3 [4.8, 8.3]) | 180 (3.9 [3.2, 4.9]) | 1,624 (8.4 [7.6, 9.4]) |
| Thinness (BMI < 18.5) | 504 (37.2 [33.8, 40.8]) | 322 (25.5 [22.1, 29.3]) | 228 (19 [16.2, 22.1]) | 122 (9.5 [7.3, 12.3]) | 1176 (23.8 [22.1, 25.6]) | 1281 (20.6 [19.0, 22.3]) | 640 (11.9 [10.6, 13.3]) | 405 (8.7 [7.5, 10.1]) | 258 (6.2 [5.1, 7.6]) | 2,584 (12.1 [11.4, 12.9]) |
| Severe thinness (BMI < 16) | 93 (7.3 [5.8, 9.3]) | 66 (5.6 [4.1, 7.7]) | 38 (3.2 [2.1, 4.9]) | 23 (1.5 [0.8, 2.8]) | 220 (4.6 [3.9, 5.5]) | 206 (3.5 [2.9, 4.2]) | 89 (1.9 [1.3, 3.0]) | 53 (1.4 [0.9, 2.1]) | 36 (0.7 [0.5, 1.1]) | 384 (1.9 [1.6, 2.3]) |
| Overweight (BMI 23–24.9) | 110 (8.4 [6.5, 10.9]) | 172 (11.1 [9.1, 13.6]) | 220 (15.1 [12.5, 18.2]) | 238 (20 [17.1, 23.3]) | 740 (13.3 [12.0, 14.7]) | 855 (13.7 [12.3, 15.2]) | 849 (15.8 [14.2, 17.7]) | 856 (17.8 [15.7, 20.1]) | 870 (18.6 [16.8, 20.6]) | 3,430 (16.4 [15.5, 17.3]) |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 25) | 122 (8.8 [6.6, 10.7]) | 267 (18 [15.5, 20.8]) | 392 (30 [26.6, 33.7]) | 486 (38.6 [34.6, 42.8]) | 1,267 (22.7 [21.0, 24.4]) | 1,214 (21.1 [19.3, 23.0]) | 1,571 (31.3 [29.1, 33.6]) | 1,735 (38.8 [35.8, 42.0]) | 1,801 (38.9 [36.5, 41.3]) | 6,321 (32.2 [31.0, 33.4]) |
| Anaemia | ||||||||||
| Any anaemia (Hb < 12 g/dL) | 783 (60 [56.3, 63.6]) | 709 (53.3 [49.3, 57.4]) | 664 (47.4 [43.7, 51.2]) | 540 (43.1 [39.2, 47.2]) | 2,696 (51.6 [49.6, 53.5]) | 3,375 (57.4 [55.5, 59.3]) | 2,518 (51.2 [48.6, 53.8]) | 2,323 (51.3 [48.8, 53.8]) | 2,246 (49.8 [47.4, 52.2]) | 10,462 (52.5 [51.3, 53.8]) |
| Moderate to severe (Hb < 11 g/dL) | 443 (35.3 [31.7, 39.1]) | 370 (27.8 [24.4, 31.4]) | 359 (27.8 [24.5, 31.4]) | 261 (21.9 [18.7, 25.5]) | 1,433 (28.7 [26.9, 30.5]) | 1,864 (32.4 [30.5, 34.3]) | 1,332 (28.1 [25.6, 30.8]) | 1,204 (27.8 [25.6, 30.1]) | 1,160 (25 [23.0, 27.1]) | 5,560 (28.4 [27.3, 29.6]) |
| Co‐burden | ||||||||||
| Underweight and any anaemia | 302 (24 [21.1, 27.1]) | 195 (15.9 [13.3, 19.0]) | 116 (9.5 [7.5, 11.8]) | 57 (4.7 [3.2, 6.9]) | 670 (14.2 [12.8, 15.7]) | 785 (12.8 [11.5, 14.1]) | 362 (6.8 [5.8, 7.9]) | 210 (5.1 [4.1, 6.3]) | 134 (3 [2.4, 3.8]) | 1,491 (7.1 [6.5, 7.7]) |
| Overweight/obese and any anaemia | 114 (8.7 [6.8, 11.2]) | 188 (12.9 [10.6, 15.6]) | 262 (18.9 [16.1, 22.1]) | 306 (25.4 [22.1, 29.0]) | 870 (15.9 [14.5, 17.3]) | 966 (18.5 [16.8, 20.4]) | 1,060 (21.8 [19.9, 23.9]) | 1,219 (27.4 [25.2, 29.7]) | 1,278 (28.3 [26.3, 30.4]) | 4,523 (23.8 [22.8, 24.8]) |
| Underweight and short | 70 (5.3 [3.8, 7.2]) | 25 (2 [1.2, 3.3]) | 18 (1.1 [0.6, 2.1]) | 7 (0.5 [0.1, 1.4]) | 120 (2.4 [1.8, 3.0]) | 179 (2.7 [2.2, 3.3]) | 53 (1 [0.6, 1.6]) | 24 (0.5 [0.3, 1.0]) | 15 (0.3 [0.2, 0.6]) | 271 (1.2 [1.0, 1.4]) |
| Overweight/obese and short | 33 (2 [1.2, 3.3]) | 42 (3.1 [2.0, 4.8]) | 47 (3.9 [2.6, 5.6]) | 24 (2.2 [1.3, 3.9]) | 146 (2.8 [2.2, 3.5]) | 249 (4.3 [3.6, 5.3]) | 205 (4.8 [3.8, 6.1]) | 126 (4 [2.6, 6.0]]) | 116 (2.4 [1.8, 3.2]) | 696 (3.9 [3.4, 4.5]) |
a
Significant difference (χ 2 test, p < .01) in prevalence estimates between poor (lowest quartile by wealth index), compared with each of the higher quartiles except for co‐burden of overweight/obesity and short stature for both DHS‐3 and DHS‐4