Table 2.

General characteristics of the studies that evaluated the association between household food insecurity and early childhood development by domains

Study identification Country's income levele	Name of the primary study Year of data collection	Study design Sample sizeg (n)	Quality score	Child's age	HFI		ECD
					Status	Tools Child's age when measured	Tools Child's age when measured
Developmental riskd
Drennen et al. (2019) United States High income	Children's HealthWatch 2009–2017	Cross‐sectional 28,184	Weak	4–48 months	HFI = low and very low FS	18‐item HFSSM N/R	PEDS N/R
Black et al. (2012) United States High income	Children's HealthWatch 2000–2010	Cross‐sectional 26,950	Weak	4–36 months	HFI = low and very low FS	18‐item CFSM N/R	PEDS N/R
Rose‐Jacobs et al. (2008) United States High income	Children's HealthWatch 2004–2005	Cross‐sectional 2,010	Weak	4–36 months	HFI = low and very low FS HFI with hunger	18‐item CFSM 4–36 months	PEDS 4–36 months
Socio‐emotionald
Finch et al. (2018) Pakistan Low–middle income	PEDS trial 2011–2012 to 2013–2014a	Longitudinal 1,302	Strong	24 and 48 months	HFI	HFIAS 24 months and 48 months	SDQ 48months. BSID‐III 24months
Gill et al. (2018) United States High income	WIC 2014	Cross‐sectional 4,125	Weak	6 months–5 years	HFI = low and very low FS	6‐item HFSSM N/R	1 question (adapted from the HOMES‐SF scales) N/R
Hobbs & King (2018) United States High income	FFCWS 2003 and 2006 1	Longitudinalf 2,046	Moderate	5 years	HFI = low and very low FS	18‐item HFSSM N/R	CBCL N/R
Johnson & Markowitz (2018) United States High income	ECLS‐B 2001, 2003, and 2005‐2006	Longitudinal 3,700	Strong	9, 24, and 57b months	HFI = low and very low FS	18‐item CFSM 9 months, 2 years, and preschool	BSF‐R. Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales Social Skills Rating Scale 9 months, 2 years, and preschool
King (2018) United States High income	FFCWS 2003 and 2005a	Longitudinal 2,044	Strong	3 and 5 years	HFI	18‐item HFSSM 3 and 5 yearsc	CBCL 3 and 5 yearsc
Milner et al. (2018) Kenya Low–middle income	Panel study on fishing livelihoods, fish consumption, and child nutrition 2012–2015	Longitudinal 304	Moderate	<2 years	HFI Timing HFI Intensity HFI Duration HFI	9‐item HFIAS 0–3–6–9–12–15–18–21–24 months	Inventory ASQ:I 6–12–18–24 months
Nagata et al. (2018) United States High income	Hispanic eating and nutrition cohort 2010–2011 to 2012–2013a	Longitudinalf 168	Moderate	4 and 5 years	HFI	18‐item HFSSM 4 year	CBCL 5 years
Greder et al. (2017) United States High income	RFSH 2011 and 2012	Longitudinalf 175	Moderate	18–60 months	HFI	6‐item HFSSM N/R	CBCL N/R
Zaslow et al. (2009) United States High income	ECLS‐B 2001–2002 and 2003–2004	Longitudinalf 8,944	Moderate	9 and 24 months	HFI = very low FS	18‐item HFSSM 9 months	TAS‐45 24 months
Whitaker et al. (2006) United States High income	FFCWS 2001–2003a	Longitudinalf 2,870	Strong	3 years	HFI = low and very low FS	10‐item HFSSM 3 years	CBCL 3 years
Fuller et al. (2002) United States High income	1998	Longitudinalf 405	Strong	24–42 months	FS and hunger index	12‐item CFSM 9, 24, and 48 monthsc	CBCL (adapted) 9, 24, and 48 monthsc
Cognitived
Mickens et al. (2019) United States High income	LSCA 2010–2011	Longitudinal 792	Moderate	3–5 years	HFI = low and very low FS	8‐item HFSSM N/R	TEMA N/R
Hobbs & King (2018) United States High income	FFCWS 2003 and 2006 1	Longitudinalf 2,046	Moderate	5 years	HFI = low and very low FS	18‐item HFSSM N/R	PPVT (revised) Woodcock–Johnson test of achievement letter–word identification subtest N/R
Huang et al. (2018) United States High income	ECLS‐B 2005–2006a	Longitudinalf 8,900	Moderate	48 months	HFI = low and very low FS	18‐item CFSM 48 months	PPVT Test of Early Mathematics Ability‐3 48 months
Johnson & Markowitz (2018) United States High income	ECLS‐B 2003, and 2005–2006	Longitudinal 3,700	Strong	9, 24, and 57b months	HFI = low and very low FS	18‐item CFSM 9 months, 2 years, and preschool	BSF‐R 9 months, 2 years, and preschool
Obradovíc, Yousafzai, Finch, & Rasheed (2016) Pakistan Low–middle income	PEDS trial 2011–2012 to 2013–2014a	Longitudinalf 8,944	Moderate	24–48 months	HFI	HFIAS 24 months	WPPSI‐III inhibitory control task working memory task cognitive flexibility task 48 months
Hernandez & Jacknowitz (2009) United States High income	ECLS‐B 2001 and 2003	Longitudinal 7,900	Strong	9 and 24 months	HFI = low, very low, and marginally FS Persistent adult HFI, Transitional adult HFI	10‐item HFSSM 9 and 24 months	BSF‐R 9 and 24 months
Zaslow et al. (2009) United States High income	ECLS‐B 2001–2002 and 2003–2004	Longitudinalf 8,944	Moderate	9 and 24 months	HFI = very low FS	18‐item HFSSM 9 months	BSF‐R 24 months
Motord
Milner et al. (2018) Kenya Low–middle income	Panel study on fishing livelihoods, fish consumption, and child nutrition 2012 to 2015	Longitudinal 304	Moderate	<2 years	HFI Timing HFI Intensity HFI Duration HFI	9‐item HFIAS 0–3–6‐9–12–15–18–21–24 months	Inventory ASQ: I 6–12–18–24 months
Hernandez & Jacknowitz (2009) United States High income	ECLS‐B 2001 and 2003	Longitudinal 7,900	Strong	9 and 24 months	HFI = low, very low and marginally FS Persistent adult HFI, Transitional adult HFI	10‐item HFSSM 9 and 24 months	BSF‐R 9 and 24 months
Languaged
Milner et al. (2018) Kenya Low–middle income	Panel study on fishing livelihoods, fish consumption, and child nutrition 2012–2015	Longitudinal 304	Moderate	<2 years	HFI Timing HFI Intensity HFI Duration HFI	9‐item HFIAS 0–3–6–9–12–15–18–21–24 months	Inventory ASQ:I 6–12–18–24 months
Saha et al. (2010) Bangladesh Low–middle income	MINIMat 2002 and 2003	Longitudinalf 1,639	Weak	18 months	HFI	11‐item HHFS 8 and 30 weeks of pregnancy	MacArthur's CDI (adaptation) 18 months

Abbreviations: ASQ, Ages and Stages Questionnaire; BSF‐R, Bayley Short Form‐Research Edition; BSID‐III, Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition BSID‐III; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CDI, Communicative Development Inventory; CFSM, Core Food Security Module; ECD, early childhood development; ECLS‐B, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Birth Cohort; FFCWS, The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; FS, food security; HFI, household food insecurity; HFIAS, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale; HFSSM, Household Food Security Survey Module; HHFS, household food security; HOME‐SF, The Home Observation Measurement of the Environment‐Short Form; LSCA, Longitudinal Child Study of Arizona; MINIMat, Maternal and Infant Nutrition Intervention in Matlab; N/R, not reported; PEDS, Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status; PEDS trial, Pakistan Early Child Development Scale‐Up; PPVT, Peabody Picture Vocabulary test; RFSH, Rural Families Speak about Health; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; TAS‐45, Toddler Attachment Sort‐45; TEMA, Test of Early Mathematics Ability; WIC, Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; WPPSI‐III, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence III.

^aYear of data collection calculated from date provided by the study.

^bAge verified by ECLS website.

^cChild's age when HFI and ECD was measured by the study author.

^dReported as ECD description adopted in this review.

^eReported as proposed by The World Bank. Countries and Economies: Income levels, 2019.

^fStudies originally designed as longitudinal presenting cross‐sectional analysis for the purposes of this review were classified within study design as longitudinal.

^gSample size for the purposes of this review.