Table 4.
Possible sources of heterogeneity by early childhood development socio‐emotional subdomains
|
Externalizing behaviour 6 studiesa (I‐squared = 74.7%) |
Externalizing behaviour/hyperactivity 3 studiesb (I‐squared = 83.5%) |
Internalizing behaviour 3 studiesc (I‐squared = 92.7%) |
Internalizing behaviour/anxiety 2 studiesd (I‐squared = 92.9%) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of studies | Possible sources of heterogeneity | Number of studies | Possible sources of heterogeneity | Number of studies | Possible sources of heterogeneity | Number of studies | Possible sources of heterogeneity | ||
| Study design | Cross‐sectional | 1 | Yes | 0 | No | 3 | No | 0 | No |
| Longitudinal | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | |||||
| Study quality | Strong | 3 | Yes | 2 | Yes | 0 | No | 1 | Yes |
| Moderate | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||||
| Weak | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Sample size | ≤1,000 | 1 | Yes | 1 | Yes | 2 | Yes | 1 | Yes |
| 1,001–5,000 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 5,001–10,000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| ≥10,001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Country income | Low–middle | 1 | Yes | 0 | No | 1 | Yes | 0 | No |
| High | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |||||
| Informant | Mother only | 4 | Yes | 2 | Yes | 3 | No | 2 | No |
| Mother and/or caregiver | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Size effect | Adjusted | 5 | Yes | 3 | No | 3 | No | 2 | No |
| Crude | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| HFI intensity | Very low + low | 5 | Yes | 2 | Yes | 3 | No | 2 | No |
| Low | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| HFI tool | CFSM/HFSSM | 5 | Yes | 3 | No | 2 | Yes | 2 | No |
| HFIAS | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||||
| ECD tool | PEDS | 0 | Yes | 0 | Yes | 0 | Yes | 0 | No |
| BSF‐R | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| ASQ‐1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||||
| CBCL | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||
| Others | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| HFI and ECD evaluation | At the same time | 3 | Yes | 1 | Yes | 2 | Yes | 1 | Yes |
| ≤12 months | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| >12 months | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Abbreviations: ASQ‐1, Ages and Stages Questionnaire; BSF‐R, Bayley Short Form‐Research Edition; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CFSM, Core Food Security Module; ECD, early childhood development; HFI, household food insecurity; HFIAS, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale; HFSSM, Household Food Security Survey Module; PEDS, Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status.
Finch, Yousafzai, Rasheed, & Obradović (2018); Gill et al. (2018); Hobbs & King (2018); Johnson & Markowitz (2018); Nagata et al. (2018); and Whitaker et al. (2006).
Johnson & Markowitz (2018); Nagata, Gomberg, Hagan, Heyman, & Wojcicki (2018); and Whitaker et al. (2006).