Table 1.
Mother’s Demographic, Clinical, and Behavioral Measures at 20 Weeks Gestation by Exposure During Pregnancy and Infant Demographic Measures at Birth
| Exposure During Pregnancy | Probability Values | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Total (N = 197) | None (n = 116) | BD+ (n = 54) | BD− (n = 27) | Overall | None vs BD+ | None vs BD− | BD+vs BD− |
| Maternal measures | ||||||||
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 29.0 ± 5.67 | 30.6 ± 5.06 | 28.0 ± 5.71 | 24.0 ± 4.84 | < .0001 | .004* | < .001* | .002* |
| Race, n (%) | .0480 | |||||||
| White | 146 (74.1) | 92 (79.3) | 40 (74.1) | 14 (51.9) | ||||
| Black | 42 (21.3) | 20 (17.2) | 12 (22.2) | 10 (37.0) | ||||
| Other | 9 (4.6) | 4 (3.4) | 2 (3.7) | 3 (11.1) | ||||
| White race | 146 (74.1) | 92 (79.3) | 40 (74.1) | 14 (51.9) | .0135 | .445 | .003* | .046 |
| Education level, n (%) | < .0001 | < .001* | < .001* | .027 | ||||
| < High school | 10 (5.1) | 2 (1.7) | 3 (5.6) | 5 (18.5) | ||||
| High school | 33 (16.8) | 10 (8.6) | 12 (22.2) | 11 (40.7) | ||||
| Some university | 52 (26.4) | 16 (13.8) | 29 (53.7) | 7 (25.9) | ||||
| University | 57 (28.9) | 47 (40.5) | 6 (11.1) | 4 (14.8) | ||||
| Graduate school | 45 (22.8) | 41 (35.3) | 4 (7.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| Completed university | 102 (51.8) | 88 (75.9) | 10 (18.5) | 4 (14.8) | < .0001 | < .001* | < .001* | .765 |
| Employed, n (%) | 106 (55.2) | 83 (72.2) | 19 (36.5) | 4 (16.0) | < .0001 | < .001* | < .001* | .065 |
| Married/cohabiting, n (%) | 121 (61.4) | 92 (79.3) | 21 (38.9) | 8 (29.6) | < .0001 | < .001* | < .001* | .413 |
| Parity, n (%) | .0250 | .006* | .658 | .188 | ||||
| 1 | 76 (39.2) | 51 (44.3) | 16 (30.2) | 9 (34.6) | ||||
| 2 | 67 (34.5) | 42 (36.5) | 14 (26.4) | 11 (42.3) | ||||
| 3+ | 51 (26.3) | 22 (19.1) | 23 (43.4) | 6 (23.1) | ||||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 26.0 ± 6.51 | 25.5 ± 6.22 | 27.6 ± 7.03 | 25.5 ± 6.59 | .1670 | |||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI 30+, n (%) | 42 (22.7) | 21 (18.9) | 14 (29.8) | 7 (25.9) | .2997 | |||
| Smoked tobacco, n (%) | 35 (17.9) | 7 (6.1) | 16 (29.6) | 12 (44.4) | < .0001 | < .001* | < .001* | .186 |
| Drank alcohol, n (%) | 49 (24.9) | 33 (28.4) | 9 (16.7) | 7 (25.9) | .2521 | |||
| Lifetime illicit drugs use, n (%) | 25 (12.7) | 2 (1.7) | 12 (22.2) | 11 (40.7) | < .0001 | < .001* | < .001* | .081 |
| Bipolar subtype, n (%) | .0576 | |||||||
| I | 47 (58.0) | 35 (64.8) | 12 (44.4) | |||||
| II | 25 (30.9) | 12 (22.2) | 13 (48.1) | |||||
| NOS | 9 (11.1) | 7 (13.0) | 2 (7.47) | |||||
| Any psychiatric hospitalization, n (%) | 4 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (7.4) | 0 (0.0) | .0137 | .009* | 1.000 | .296 |
| MRS, mean ± SD | 0.84 ± 2.57 | 0.18 ± 0.66 | 1.98 ± 3.68 | 1.77 ± 4.19 | .0016 | < .001* | 0.012* | .810 |
| SIGH-ADS29, mean ± SD | 11.7 ± 8.17 | 7.33 ± 4.15 | 18.5 ± 8.82 | 18.8 ± 7.09 | < .0001 | < .001* | < .001* | .864 |
| Infant measures | ||||||||
| Gestational age, mean ± SD, wk | 39.0 ± 1.53 | 39.1 ± 1.49 | 38.8 ± 1.55 | 39.1 ± 1.64 | .2387 | |||
| Gestational age < 37 wk, n (%) | 16 (8.1) | 8 (6.9) | 6 (11.1) | 2 (7.4) | .6381 | |||
| Sex, n (%) | .0441 | .112 | .022* | .345 | ||||
| Male | 114 (57.9) | 75 (64.7) | 28 (51.9) | 11 (40.7) | ||||
| Female | 83 (42.1) | 41 (35.3) | 26 (48.1) | 16 (59.3) | ||||
| Weight, mean ± SD, g | 3,457 ± 545 | 3,528 ± 520 | 3,380 ± 550 | 3,248 ± 606 | .0483 | .117 | .026 | .329 |
| Length, mean ± SD, cm | 51.1 ± 2.84 | 51.3 ± 2.67 | 50.4 ± 3.10 | 50.9 ± 3.14 | .1835 | |||
| Head circumference, mean ± SD, cm | 34.6 ± 1.70 | 34.8 ± 1.56 | 34.6 ± 1.73 | 33.3 ± 2.01 | .0039 | .453 | < .001* | .030 |
| Ever breastfed, n (%) | 132 (69.5) | 90 (81.8) | 27 (50.0) | 15 (57.7) | < .0001 | < .001* | .008* | .519 |
*
Significant after Bonferroni correction.
Abbreviations: BD− = maternal bipolar disorder not treated with pharmacotherapy, BD+ = maternal bipolar disorder treated with pharmacotherapy, BMI = body mass index, MRS = Mania Rating Scale, NOS = not otherwise specified, SIGH-ADS = Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with Atypical Depression Supplement.