Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants in the study
| Variables | Participant without CKD (n=268) | Participant with CKD (n=193) | p-Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 97.7±5.0 | 98.2±5.3 | 0.24 |
| Male, n (%) | 67 (25.0) | 28 (14.5) | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.47±3.81 | 18.78±2.73 | 0.02 |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| Less than primary school | 234 (87.3) | 170 (88.1) | |
| Primary school | 20 (7.5) | 16 (8.3) | 0.69 |
| More than primary school | 14 (5.2) | 7 (3.6) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||
| Current smoker | 36 (13.4) | 38 (19.7) | |
| Former smoker | 30 (11.2) | 23 (11.9) | 0.17 |
| Never smoker | 202 (75.4) | 132 (68.4) | |
| Drinking status, n (%) | |||
| Current drinker | 42 (15.7) | 27 (14.0) | |
| Former drinker | 23 (8.6) | 18 (9.3) | 0.86 |
| Never drinker | 203 (75.7) | 148 (76.7) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 154 (57.5) | 110 (57.0) | 0.92 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 46 (17.2) | 23 (11.9) | 0.12 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 31 (11.6) | 23 (11.9) | 0.91 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 183 (68.3) | 123 (63.7) | 0.31 |
| Selenium (μg/L) | 108.76 (81.50–143.98) | 120.51 (84.98–166.97) | 0.02 |
| Manganese (μg/L) | 31.55 (15.99–65.78) | 26.64 (11.82–59.97) | 0.08 |
| Iron (μg/L) | 4512.00 (2429.65–8330.82) | 2880.52 (1587.20–6155.30) | <0.001 |
| Zinc(μg/L) | 2294.24 (1161.15–3590.73) | 1882.42 (969.96–2726.60) | 0.01 |
Note: Normally distributed variables were presented as mean ± SD. Categorical variables were presented as numbers (percentage). Skewed distributed variables were presented as median (P25, P75).
a
p-Values were derived from Student’s t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables according to the data distributions, chi-square test for the category variables.