Table 2.
Risk factors for the development of lung cancer
| Cox regression analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Multivariate Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 1.072 (1.070–1.074) | < 0.001 | 1.074 (1.072–1.076) | < 0.001 |
| Male (vs female) | 1.866 (1.803–1.931) | < 0.001 | 1.789 (1.717–1.864) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| < 20 | 1.661(1.582–1.744) | 1.323 (1.256–1.393) | ||
| 20 ≤ < 25 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 25 ≤ < 30 | 0.852 (0.769–0.945) | 0.885 (0.795–0.985) | ||
| 30 ≤ | 0.446 (0.396–0.501) | 0.837 (0.705–0.994) | ||
| History of hypertension | 1.414(1.344–1.488) | < 0.001 | 0.990(0.939–1.044) | 0.718 |
| History of diabetes mellitus | 1.579(1.477–1.688) | < 0.001 | 1.186(1.108–1.269) | < 0.001 |
| COPD diagnosis | 3.752(3.530–3.988) | < 0.001 | 2.046(1.922–2.177) | < 0.001 |
| Exercise level | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Never Exercise | 1.178 (1.129–1.229) | 1.145 (1.095–1.198) | ||
| 1–2 times a week | 0.888 (0.816–0.966) | 1.010 (0.925–1.103) | ||
| ≥ 3 times a week | Reference | Reference | ||
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Never smoker | Reference | Reference | ||
| Former smoker | 1.277(1.205–1.352) | 1.108(1.042–1.178) | ||
| Current smoker | 1.860(1.797–1.926) | 1.689(1.622–1.759) | ||
Definition of abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, * = statistically significant hazard ratio (p-value < 0.01)