Table 4.
COPD as a risk factor for the development of other cancers by multi-variate cox regression analyses
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Model 2 Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Model 3 Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
| AML | ||||||
| Never smoker without COPD | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Former smoker without COPD | 0.617 (0.382–0.998) | 0.049 | 0.616 (0.381–0.996) | 0.048 | 0.632 (0.391–1.022) | 0.061 |
| Smoker without COPD | 0.922 (0.684–1.242) | 0.593 | 0.925 (0.686–1.246) | 0.608 | 0.914 (0.678–1.233) | 0.556 |
| Never smoker with COPD | 1.064 (0.544–2.083) | 0.856 | 1.064 (0.544–2.082) | 0.857 | 1.047 (0.535–2.049) | 0.895 |
| Former smoker with COPD | 0.657 (0.289–1.494) | 0.316 | 0.655 (0.288–1.491) | 0.314 | 0.661 (0.291–1.505) | 0.324 |
| Current smoker with COPD | 0.981 (0.473–2.037) | 0.959 | 0.984 (0.474–2.043) | 0.965 | 0.957 (0.460–1.989) | 0.905 |
| Esphageal cancer | ||||||
| Never smoker without COPD | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Former smoker without COPD | 1.303 (1.061–1.600) | 0.012 | 1.303 (1.061–1.599) | 0.012 | 1.304 (1.062–1.601) | 0.011 |
| Smoker without COPD | 2.082(1.810–2.395) | < 0.001 | 2.080 (1.808–2.394) | < 0.001 | 1.968 (1.709–2.267) | < 0.001 |
| Never smoker with COPD | 0.973 (0.722–1.312) | 0.858 | 0.973 (0.722–1.312) | 0.858 | 0.945 (0.700–1.274) | 0.708 |
| Former smoker with COPD | 1.268 (0.885–1.817) | 0.197 | 1.268 (0.884–1.817) | 0.197 | 1.231 (0.859–1.765) | 0.257 |
| Current smoker with COPD | 2.026 (1.460–2.810) | < 0.001 | 2.024 (1.459–2.808) | < 0.001 | 1.859 (1.338–2.583) | < 0.001 |
| Bladder cancer | ||||||
| Never smoker without COPD | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Former smoker without COPD | 1.090 (0.977–1.216) | 0.121 | 1.088 (0.975–1.214) | 0.129 | 1.089 (0.976–1.215) | 0.127 |
| Smoker without COPD | 1.131 (1.044–1.225) | 0.003 | 1.136 (1.049–1.231) | 0.002 | 1.142 (1.053–1.237) | 0.001 |
| Never smoker with COPD | 1.145 (0.973–1.347) | 0.104 | 1.145 (0.973–1.347) | 0.103 | 1.146 (0.974–1.348) | 0.101 |
| Former smoker with COPD | 1.248 (1.027–1.516) | 0.026 | 1.246 (1.026–1.514) | 0.027 | 1.247 (1.027–1.516) | 0.026 |
| Current smoker with COPD | 1.295 (1.081–1.550) | 0.005 | 1.301(1.087–1.558) | 0.004 | 1.308 (1.092–1.566) | 0.004 |
| Kidney cancer | ||||||
| Never smoker without COPD | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Former smoker without COPD | 1.002 (0.875–1.148) | 0.975 | 0.998 (0.871–1.143) | 0.974 | 0.999 (0.873–1.144) | 0.992 |
| Smoker without COPD | 1.054 (0.956–1.163) | 0.288 | 1.066 (0.967–1.176) | 0.198 | 1.075 (0.974–1.185) | 0.152 |
| Never smoker with COPD | 1.076 (0.870–1.331) | 0.499 | 1.076 (0.870–1.330) | 0.501 | 1.077 (0.871–1.332) | 0.493 |
| Former smoker with COPD | 1.079 (0.839–1.386) | 0.555 | 1.073 (0.835–1.379) | 0.581 | 1.076 (0.838–1.383) | 0.565 |
| Current smoker with COPD | 1.135 (0.899–1.432) | 0.287 | 1.147 (0.909–1.447) | 0.247 | 1.157 (0.917–1.461) | 0.219 |
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex
Model 2: Model 1 + additional adjustment for history of hypertension, and history of diabetes mellitus
Model 3: Model 2 + additional adjustment for BMI and Exercise
Definition of abbreviations: AML Acute myeloid leukemia, BMI Body mass index, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, * = statistically significant hazard ratio (p-value < 0.01)