Table 3.

Description of Retrospective Studies.

Authors	Study Design	Quality Rating	Population	Outcome Measure	Results
Messier et al.20	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 32 unmatched male and female runners (13 with ITBS and 19 uninjured controls)	- High speed photography using Locam Model 51	Runners with ITBS exhibited increased pronation, a leg length difference, and propensity for running on hills.
Messier et al.21	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 126 male and female runners (56 with ITBS and 70 uninjured controls)	- Isokinetic dynamometer - Motion analysis with force plate	Risk factors include calcaneal to vertical touchdown angle, maximum inversion velocity, and maximum breaking force.
Orchard et al.8	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	Male and female runners with history of ITBS > 6 month n = 9 subjects; the uninvolved side served as the control	Motion analysis with force plate	The posterior edge of the IT band became impinged on the lateral femoral epicondyle at an average knee flexion angle of 21 ° near foot strike.
Fredericson et al.22	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 54 collegiate distance runners (30 uninjured control subjects: 14 females, 16 males) (Experimental group 24 subjects: 10 males, 14 females)	- Hip abduction strength with a hand-held dynamometer	Regardless of gender, subjects in the experimental group had weaker hip abduction strength in the affected leg.
Miller et al.23	Retrospective Case Control	Weak	n = 16 (8 with ITBS and 8 uninjured controls matched for age)	- Motion analysis with force plate	Adjustments include increased hip internal rotation and increased knee flexion at heel strike.
Miller et al.24	Retrospective Case Control	Weak	n = 16 runners (8 with ITBS and 8 uninjured controls matched for age)	- Motion analysis with force plate	Runners with ITBS use abnormal segmental coordination patterns, particularly with hip ad/abduction and tibia internal/external rotation.
Grau, Krauss, et al.19	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 20 male and female runners (10 with ITBS and 10 uninjured controls matched for gender, weight, and height)	- Hip abductors and adductor strength using an isokinetic dynamometer	Both groups showed the same strength differences between hip adduction and abduction, and increased strength in hip adduction.
Grau, Maiwald, et al.26	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 36 male and females (18 with ITBS and 18 uninjured controls matched for gender and weight)	- Motion analysis with force plate	Data matching of experimental and control groups is important for understanding overuse injuries in running.
Ferber et al.27	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 70 females (35 with history of ITBS and 35 uninjured controls matched for age and mileage per week)	- Motion analysis with force plate	Runners with history of ITBS demonstrate increased hip adduction, knee internal rotation and rear foot inversion compared to controls.
Grau et al.20	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 36 male and female runners (18 with ITBS and 18 uninjured controls matched for age, gender, and mileage)	- Motion analysis with force plate	Runners with ITBS have a decrease in hip abduction, flexion, and extension velocities.
Foch & Milner28	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 40 females (20 with previous history of ITBS and 20 uninjured controls)	- Motion analysis with force plate	Smaller hip adduction angle in stance phase of running may reduce strain on iliotibial band and be used as a compensatory strategy.
Noehren et al.29	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 34 males (17 with ITBS and 17 uninjured controls matched for age, height, weight, and mileage per week)	- Hip strength with a handheld dynamometer - ITB length with an inclinometer during the Ober test - Motion analysis with force plate	The ITBS group had a significantly lower Ober test measurement, weaker hip external rotators, greater hip internal rotation, and greater knee adduction compared to the control group.
Foch et al.1	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 27 males and females ( 9 currently with ITBS, 9 with previous history of ITBS, and 9 uninjured controls)	- Motion analysis with force plate - ITB flexibility with an inclinometer during the Ober test - Hip abductor strength with a hand-held dynamometer	Greater ipsilateral trunk flexion may be a result of ITBS, leading to decreased hip abductor strength.
Phinyomark et al.30	Retrospective Case Control	Moderate	n = 96 male and females (48 with ITBS and 48 uninjured controls matched for gender and age)	- Motion analysis with force plate	Female ITBS runners exhibited significantly greater hip external rotation compared with male ITBS and female healthy runners. Male ITBS runners exhibited significantly greater ankle internal rotation compared with healthy males.

IT = iliotibial, ITBS = iliotibial band syndrome