Table 1.

Common tick-borne diseases and their vectors with different transmission cycles.

Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs)	Main affected host	Tick-borne diseases (TBDs)	Time required for pathogen transmission	Main tick species	Transovarial transmission	References
Ehrlichia ruminantium	Farm animal	Heartwater	48–96 h	Amblyomma hebraeum, A. variegatum	No	(3)
Anaplasma platys	Companion animal	Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia	16–72 h	Rhipicephalus sanguineus	No	(3, 4)
Anaplasma phagocytophilum	Human and farm animal	Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, tick-borne fever	24–48 h	Ixodes ricinus	No	(3, 4)
Rickettsia rickettsii	Human	Rocky Mountain spotted fever	10 h	Dermacentor variabilis, D. andersoni, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Amblyomma americanum	Yes	(3–7)
Anaplasma marginale	Farm animal	Bovine anaplasmosis	24–48 h	Rhipicephalus microplus, Dermacentor andersoni	No	(3–7)
Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato)	Human and companion animal	Lyme disease	16–72 h	Ixodes scapularis, I. pacificus	No	(3–7)
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus	Human and farm animal	Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever	Immediate	Hyalomma impeltatum	Yes	(3–7)
Louping ill virus	Farm animal	Louping ill	Immediate	Ixodes ricinus	No	(3–7)
Tick-borne encephalitis virus	Human	Tick-borne encephalitis	Immediate	Ixodes ricinus, I. ovatus, I persulcatus	Yes	(6)
Theileria annulata	Farm animal	Tropical theileriosis	48 h	Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus	No	(3)
Babesia divergens, B. microti	Human	Human babesiosis	48–72 h	Ixodes persulcatus	Yes/ No	(6)
Babesia canis, B. vogeli	Companion animal	Canine babesiosis	48 h	Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), Dermacentor reticulatus, Haemaphysalis leachi	Yes	(3–7)
Babesia divergens, B. jakimovi, B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. ovata	Farm animal	Bovine babesiosis	48–216 h	Rhipicephalus microplus, R. annulatus, Ixodes ricinus	No	(3–7)