Table 4.
Tick antigens developed based on biological process and vaccine approaches tested for vaccine development against ticks.
| Protein type | Species | Identity of protein | Antigen | Vaccination approach | Efficacy of vaccine | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secreted | Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. sanguineus | Putative cement protein | 64TRP | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 62 and 47% mortality | (21, 22) |
| Rhipicephalus appendiculatus | Serine protease inhibitor | RAS-3, RAS-4, RIM36 | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 39 and 48% mortality | (49, 50) | |
| Ixodes scapularis | Cystatin type 2 | Sialostatin L2 | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 40% mortality | (55) | |
| Ixodes scapularis | Cystatin type 2 | Sialostatin L | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | Not reported | (55) | |
| Ixodes ricinus | Serine protease inhibitor | IRIS | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 30% mortality | (47) | |
| Rhipicephalus microplus, R. annulatus | Ferritin, iron transporter | RaFER2/RmFER2 | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 64 and 72% efficacy | (87) | |
| Membrane associated | Rhipicephalus microplus | Angiotensin converting enzyme | Bm91 | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 6% reduction of reproductive index | (91) |
| Rhipicephalus microplus, R. annulatus | Aquaporin | Aquaporin | Reverse vaccinology, 3rd generation | 75 and 68% efficacy | (64, 65) | |
| Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. decoloratus, R. microplus, Hyalomma anatolicum, H. dromedarii | Bm86 and orthologs | Bm86 and orthologs | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 45–100% efficacy | (57–61) | |
| Rhipicephalus microplus | 5′-nucleotidase | 4F8 | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | No efficacy | (92) | |
| Rhipicephalus microplus | Mucin | BMA7 | Purified components, 2nd generation | 21% reduction in egg weights | (93) | |
| Intracellular | Rhipicephalus microplus | Elongation factor | Ef1a | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 31% efficacy | (94) |
| Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. microplus | Acidic ribosomal protein P0 | pP0 | Synthetic peptide, 2nd generation | 96% efficacy | (95) | |
| Rhipicephalus microplus | Glutathione S transferase | GST-HI | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 57% efficacy | (89) | |
| Rhipicephalus annulatus, R. microplus | Regulator factor | Subolesin (4D8) | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 0–83% efficacy | (19, 20, 23) | |
| Rhipicephalus microplus, R. annulatus | Ubiquitin | UBE | Recombinant protein, 2nd generation | 15 and 55% efficacy | (94) |