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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 16.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Sci Technol. 2018 Jul 9;52(14):8027–8038. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00575

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Light duty vehicle technologies in four alternative future scenarios. DSL denotes diesel fuel use, ELC denotes partially electric vehicles, ICE denotes internal combustion engine (non-electric), E85 represents vehicles that can use ethanol-gasoline blends up to 85% ethanol, and the value after plugin indicates the range in miles that the vehicle can travel on electricity only. GSL refers to gasoline, which is an E10 blend in 2015 and onward in all scenarios. All green areas include any E85 flex fuel vehicle (FFVs), including FFVs that are also hybrids or plug in hybrids. Fuel use in FFVs and hybrid vehicles is represented by dashed and dotted lines. The fraction of the green area below the dashed line represents operation using E85, the fraction from the dashed line to the dotted line represents the portion of flex fuel energy supplied by electricity, and the remainder of the operation occurs using E10. The dotted line is omitted in Muddling Through as there are no plug in hybrid vehicles.